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Laser Physics

High capacity information transmission with single-photon in polarization and spatial mode degrees of freedom over a collective noisy channel

Ruitong Zhao, Lianglun Cheng

Published May 11, 2020• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract High-dimensional quantum states are potential resources to enhance the channel capacity of information transmission over noisy channels. However, the over-consumption of entanglement and joint measurement make previous proposals of information transmission unpractical , taking quantum dense coding as an example. In this paper, we report high-capacity information transmission over a collective noisy channel using single-photon states both in polarization and spatial mode degrees of freedom and quantum channel multiplexing. Our proposal can reach the same channel capacity as quantum dense coding, even over the collective noisy channel. These results will provide an optional and feasible method to high-capacity information transmission and help to promote the practicability of quantum communication.

DOI
10.1088/1555-6611/ab85c9

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Abstract High-dimensional quantum states are potential resources to enhance the channel capacity of information transmission over noisy channels. However, the over-consumption of entanglement and joint measurement make previous proposals of information transmission unpractical , taking quantum dense coding as an example. In this paper, we report high-capacity information transmission over a collective noisy channel using single-photon states both in polarization and spatial mode degrees of freedom and quantum channel multiplexing. Our proposal can reach the same channel capacity as quantum dense coding, even over the collective noisy channel. These results will provide an optional and feasible method to high-capacity information transmission and help to promote the practicability of quantum communication.
The encoding in multiple degrees of freedom can effectively improve the performance of current quantum key distribution, but the collective channel noise reduces the security of these proposals. In this article, we propose a high capacity quantum key distribution with single-photon in polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom, and protect the quantum states against the general collective noise by error-rejection in two degrees of freedom and quantum channel multiplexing. The states transmission and measurements in the presented quantum key distribution can be realized deterministically. The security analysis under the intercept-measure-resend eavesdropping and controlled-NOT operation eavesdropping attacks is conducted to verify the security, and the secure key rate analysis proves the efficiency of our proposal. These advantages make our proposal useful in practical quantum communication under current experimental conditions.
Faithful transmission of quantum information over noisy channel is an essential requisite for quantum communication and distributed quantum computing. Here we experimentally demonstrate a noise-rejecting scheme for single-photon qubits transmission, resorting to neither ancillary photons nor globally entangled resources. Employing the unbalanced polarization interferometer, the polarization qubits are transformed to time-bin degrees of freedom. Meanwhile, the deterministic transmission of quantum states with high fidelity can be achieved. We find that the immunity of time-bin encoded qubits against collective noise paves the way to practical quantum error-correction and rejection in long-distance quantum communication.
Dense coding is a new concept of quantum communication using the nonlocal feature of quantum entangled states. Bob, the information receiver, prepares polarization-entangled photon twins and sends one of them to Alice, the information sender, while retaining the other. She can prepare each of the four Bell states by operating an appropriate manipulation only on the transmitted photon and thus she can encode 2 bits of information. To decode the 2 bits, Bob must execute a joint measurement of the returned and retained photons with a Bell-state analyzer, such as a Hong-Ou-Mandel type of two-photon interferometer. The information capacity of the transmitted photon is limited by the number of usable nonlocal quantum states which can be prepared through the local operation on one photon. A question arises as to whether Alice can enhance the capacity or not, by adopting an additional degree of freedom by use of pulse position modulation or optical frequency modulation for the transmitted photon. At a glance, capacity enhancement appears to be possible by introducing another degree of freedom. The question here is, however, whether or not it is possible by manipulating only one of photon twins. In the paper, however, we show that the information capacity in dense coding can be enhanced from the reported 2 bits to 3 bits provided that photon twins have spectral correlation and a perfect Bell state analyzer is available.
We propose a scheme for enhancing the information capacity to more than 2 bits in dense coding quantum communication that involves transmitting a polarization entangled twin photon and a subsequent joint measurement with a Bell-state analyzer. Although direct modulation of the timing position and optical frequency of the photon play no role in dense coding quantum communication, we show that the frequency-dependent phase correlation of polarization entangled twin photons can be used for this enhancement if photon twins are generated through optical parametric down-conversion. With our proposed Bell-state analyzer containing a nonlinear optical gate, the capacity can be enhanced from the reported 2 bits to 3 bits by the local operation of a frequency-dependent phase shift on the transmitted photon.
Quantum communication is at the heart of the quantum information theory. We study two types of quantum communication protocols over noisy transmission channels, i.e. super dense coding and cryptography protocols. In the first part of this thesis, for various scenarios, it is discussed how the super dense coding capacity is influenced by noisy quantum channels. The case of memoryless channels as well as those channels with memory which are modelled by uncorrelated and correlated noise, respectively, are considered. Explicitly Pauli channels over arbitrary dimensions are treated and the super dense coding capacity for some resource states is derived. For the qubit depolarizing channel, when noise is uncorrelated, the super dense coding capacity with respect to the input state is also optimized. This illustrates a threshold value of the noise parameter below which the super dense coding capacity is optimized by a maximally entangled initial state, while above the threshold value the super dense coding capacity is optimized by a product state. For Pauli channels, with correlated noise, the case of non unitary encoding is studied and the super dense coding capacity is derived. The first part of this thesis is concluded with an example for multipartite super dense coding. In the second part of the thesis, the problem of optimal eavesdropping on noisy states in quantum key distribution is investigated. The case of the six state protocol, when the signal states are mixed with white noise, is considered. This situation may arise either when Alice deliberately adds noise to the signal states before they leave her lab, or, in a realistic scenario when the eavesdropper (referred to as Eve) is not assumed to replace the noisy quantum channel by a noiseless one. For individual attacks, we find Eve's optimal mutual information with Alice as a function of the quantum bit error rate. Finally, the results illustrate that adding noise on the quantum level can make quantum key distribution more robust against eavesdropping.
Channel noise is the main issue which reduces the efficiency of quantum communication. Here we present an efficient scheme for quantum key distribution against collective-rotation channel noise using polarization and transverse spatial mode of photons. Exploiting the two single-photon Bell states and two-photon hyperentangled Bell states in the polarization and the transverse spatial mode degrees of freedom (DOFs), the mutually unbiased bases can be encoded for logical qubits against the collective-rotation noise. Our scheme shows noiseless subspaces can be made up of two DOFs of two photons instead of multiple photons, which will reduce the resources required for noiseless subspaces and depress the photonic loss sensitivity. Moreover, the two single-photon Bell states and two-photon hyperentangled Bell states are symmetrical to the two photons, which means the relative order of the two photons is not required in our scheme, so the receiver only needs to measure the state of each photon, which makes our protocol easy to execute in experiment than the previous works.