Unitarity and the Incompleteness of Non-informational, Time-Invariant Dynamics
Ignacio Ospino
Information is treated by classical physics, relativity theory, and quantum mechanics as an epistemic variable, with no significance in their mathematical models. All currently accepted conceptions of information and entropy are subjective, observer-related. We have proposed (Ospino 2026) considering information as an ontic category with energy equivalence and energetic meaningfulness, and making it part of the complete balance of physical evolution. The history of science is the history of useful but incomplete models derived under the reliance of approximations and simplifications. Every such model was contemporarily considered complete until the contrary fact was demonstrated. Unitarity and determinism are generally regarded as a complete understanding of physical evolution. The empirical success and practical usefulness of such assumptions is undeniable, as every model before was also for a certain time, until it was not. Motivated by the information-energy equivalence (Landauer, Vopson), and by the possibility of resolving some open questions not explainable under the current understanding, we introduced ontic information into consideration, and we are presenting here some derived conclusions for further analysis and discussion. We emphasize that the epistemic nature of information and entropy as per Shannon and von Neumann (and related approaches) needs to be consequently updated with the ontic understanding, or else the analysis will be flawed when using epistemic approaches. Also, since unitarity is the concept in question here, we rely on acceptance, for the purpose of the discussion, that unitarity could be incomplete.
•Mar 27, 2026•0 citations