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Physical Layer Security with Full-Duplex Radio in Wireless Networks

Qiping Zhu

Published Jan 1, 2019• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Physical layer security (PLS) is an approach that provides secrecy based on information-theoretic model which does not account for any computation capability assumption or pre-installed standardized secret key generation algorithm and it is a good additional protection on the top of the existing security scheme. This work includes four different topics which are about improving PLS with full-duplex radio. In the first topic, we develop a fast algorithms for computing power allocations in subcarriers, subject to power and rate constraints, to maximize the secrecy capacity of a three-node network consisting of a source, a full-duplex capable destination and an eavesdropper. The optimal power allocation at the destination is found to be significant especially when its power budget is high. The second topic is about the analysis of a two-phase scheme for secret information transmission with the technique of anti-eavesdropping channel estimation (ANECE), which requires full duplex transceiver and it can better handle Eve with any number of antennas. The analysis is based on the assumption that everyone has a prior statistical knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) anywhere and it yields lower and upper bounds on secure degrees of freedom as functions of the number of antennas on Eve and the size of information packet. For the third topic, we present optimal designs of the pilots for ANECE based on two criteria. The first is to optimize the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) channel estimation for the users, and the second is to maximize the mutual information between the pilot-driven signals observed by the users. Closed-form optimal pilots are shown under both criteria but subject to a symmetric and isotropic condition. Algorithms for computing the optimal pilots are shown for general cases. In the fourth topic, we analyze the secure degree of freedom and the asymptotic expression of the achievable secret key rate from a two-phase key generation scheme which consists of channel training phase and secure information transmission phase. Based on the asymptotic form, we develop an effective algorithm for coherence time allocation between the two phases to maximize the achievable secret key rate.

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Physical layer security (PLS) is an approach that provides secrecy based on information-theoretic model which does not account for any computation capability assumption or pre-installed standardized secret key generation algorithm and it is a good additional protection on the top of the existing security scheme. This work includes four different topics which are about improving PLS with full-duplex radio. In the first topic, we develop a fast algorithms for computing power allocations in subcarriers, subject to power and rate constraints, to maximize the secrecy capacity of a three-node network consisting of a source, a full-duplex capable destination and an eavesdropper. The optimal power allocation at the destination is found to be significant especially when its power budget is high. The second topic is about the analysis of a two-phase scheme for secret information transmission with the technique of anti-eavesdropping channel estimation (ANECE), which requires full duplex transceiver and it can better handle Eve with any number of antennas. The analysis is based on the assumption that everyone has a prior statistical knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) anywhere and it yields lower and upper bounds on secure degrees of freedom as functions of the number of antennas on Eve and the size of information packet. For the third topic, we present optimal designs of the pilots for ANECE based on two criteria. The first is to optimize the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) channel estimation for the users, and the second is to maximize the mutual information between the pilot-driven signals observed by the users. Closed-form optimal pilots are shown under both criteria but subject to a symmetric and isotropic condition. Algorithms for computing the optimal pilots are shown for general cases. In the fourth topic, we analyze the secure degree of freedom and the asymptotic expression of the achievable secret key rate from a two-phase key generation scheme which consists of channel training phase and secure information transmission phase. Based on the asymptotic form, we develop an effective algorithm for coherence time allocation between the two phases to maximize the achievable secret key rate.
This paper considers a method for improving physical layer security of wireless networks with full-duplex radio. In particular, fast algorithms are developed to compute power allocations in subcarriers, subject to power and rate constraints, to maximize the secrecy capacity of a three-node network consisting of a source, a full-duplex destination, and an eavesdropper. A residual level of radio self-interference channel is considered. The optimal power allocation at the destination is found to be significant especially when its power budget is high. Also studied in this paper are a network with multiple full-duplex destinations and another network with multiple sources. Using the algorithms developed in this paper, we are able to show that a multiuser strategy that optimizes the power distributions among the users (in terms of either the sources or the destinations) can yield a substantial gain of secrecy capacity over a single-user strategy.
This paper examines the role of full-duplex radio for securing wireless network from a new perspective. It first studies the secrecy capacity of two single-antenna full-duplex users against a multi-antenna eavesdropper (Eve) who has the perfect knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) from users to Eve. It is shown that if Eve uses a basic matched-filtering, the probability of zero secrecy (or outage) can be made small by a large jamming power from both users and a small gain of residual self-interference (RSI) power. But if Eve uses the optimal matched-filtering, the probability of outage grows rapidly as either the jamming power from the users increases or the number of antennas on Eve increases, regardless of the RSI gain. To prevent any Eve from obtaining its CSI, this paper then proposes a novel anti-eavesdropping channel estimation (ANECE) method, which allows users to obtain their own CSI while keeping all Eves in handicap. This method also prevents Eves from colluding with each other at any layer. The design of ideal pilots for ANECE for multiple multi-antenna users and multiple broadband multi-antenna users is discussed. It is also shown that the capacity of Eve with any number of antennas but without its CSI can be virtually eliminated over a time window corresponding to the number of antennas at the transmitter for each realization of the CSI.
As the technology and computing power advance day by day, physical layer security in wireless communications gains more importance. It allows the security of wireless communications based on information theoretical guarantees without the need for cryptography. One important practical challenge for physical layer security arises from the fact that no information about the passive eavesdroppers is available to the legitimate nodes. Without such information, optimizing the transmission parameters has always been a difficult task. In this study we aim to address various challenging aspects about this issue and propose a new perspective into the analysis of secrecy with a focus on jamming. We start from the case of eavesdropper's channel state information (CSI) known to users in a three-node single-antenna multi-subcarrier network and present an improved optimization algorithm compared to previous methods. Then we expand our horizon to the case of multiple-antenna nodes with eavesdropper's CSI unknown to users. We investigate a secure wireless communication scheme which combines two of the most effective strategies to combat eavesdropping, namely mixing information with artificial noise at the transmitter and jamming from a full-duplex receiver. While such setup has been investigated in related works, new and important insights are revealed in this study. We investigate the design of optimal jamming parameters to achieve higher secrecy.We then derive a closed-form expression for asymptotic normalized instantaneous secrecy rate of our model. Based on the results of the asymptotic analysis, we propose an alternative less complex tractable optimization problem for the design of optimal transmission parameters to achieve higher secrecy. We show that even with the optimal parameters, secrecy is compromised if Eve is able to increase her number of antennas. To address this issue, we provide a comprehensive analysis of a new scheme called anti-eavesdropping channel estimation (ANECE) which prevents Eve from acquiring accurate channel estimations. We show that the usage of such scheme, makes it extremely hard for Eve to drive secrecy to zero. Numerical analyses and simulations are presented to support the arguments made in this study.We then derive a closed-form expression for asymptotic normalized instantaneous secrecy rate of our model. Based on the results of the asymptotic analysis, we propose an alternative less complex tractable optimization problem for the design of optimal transmission parameters to achieve higher secrecy. We show that even with the optimal parameters, secrecy is compromised if Eve is able to increase her number of antennas. To address this issue, we provide a comprehensive analysis of a new scheme called anti-eavesdropping channel estimation (ANECE) which prevents Eve from acquiring accurate channel estimations. We show that the usage of such scheme, makes it extremely hard for Eve to drive secrecy to zero. Numerical analyses and simulations are presented to support the arguments made in this study.We then derive a closed-form expression for asymptotic normalized instantaneous secrecy rate of our model. Based on the results of the asymptotic analysis, we propose an alternative less complex tractable optimization problem for the design of optimal transmission parameters to achieve higher secrecy. We show that even with the optimal parameters, secrecy is compromised if Eve is able to increase her number of antennas. To address this issue, we provide a comprehensive analysis of a new scheme called anti-eavesdropping channel estimation (ANECE) which prevents Eve from acquiring accurate channel estimations. We show that the usage of such scheme makes it extremely hard for Eve to drive secrecy to zero. Numerical analyses and simulations are presented to support the arguments made in this study.
We discuss the physical layer security scheme in the Full-Duplex (FD) MIMO point-to-point two-way communication system with residual self-interference, in which legitimate nodes send confidential information and null space Artificial Noise (AN) while receiving information. Because the Channel State Information (CSI) of the eavesdropper is unavailable, we optimize the covariance matrices of the information signal as well as the allocation of the antenna for transmitting and receiving to minimize the signal power consumption under the target rate constraint. As a result, the power of AN is maximized within the limit of total power, so the interception capability of the eavesdropper is suppressed as much as possible. Since self-interference cannot be completely eliminated, the optimization process of one legitimate node depends on the optimization result of the other. By substituting self-interference power in the secrecy rate formula with its average value, the joint optimization process at the two nodes is transformed into two separate and solvable optimization processes. Then, the Water-Filling Algorithm (WFA) and bisection algorithm are used to get the optimal covariance matrices of the signal. Furthermore, we derive the theoretical lower bound of ergodic achievable secrecy rate under rayleigh channels to evaluate the performance of the scheme. The simulation results show that the theoretical derivation is correct, and the actual achievable rate is very close to the target rate, which means that the approximation in the optimization is feasible. The results also show that secrecy transmission can be realized because a considerable secrecy rate can be achieved.
This paper presents secrecy analyses of a full-duplex MIMOME network which consists of two full-duplex multi-antenna users (Alice and Bob) and an arbitrarily located multi-antenna eavesdropper (Eve). The paper assumes that Eve's channel state information (CSI) is completely unknown to Alice and Bob except for a small radius of secured zone. The first part of this paper aims to optimize the powers of jamming noises from both users. To handle Eve's CSI being unknown to users, the focus is placed on Eve at the most harmful location, and the large matrix theory is applied to yield a hardened secrecy rate to work on. The performance gain of the power optimization in terms of maximum tolerable number of antennas on Eve is shown to be significant. The second part of this paper shows two analyses of anti-eavesdropping channel estimation (ANECE) that can better handle Eve with any number of antennas. One analysis assumes that Eve has a prior statistical knowledge of its CSI, which yields lower and upper bounds on secure degrees of freedom of the system as functions of the number (N) of antennas on Eve and the size (K) of information packet. The second analysis assumes that Eve does not have any prior knowledge of its CSI but performs blind detection of information, which yields an approximate secrecy rate for the case of K being larger than N.
This paper proposes a new channel training (CT) scheme for a full-duplex receiver to enhance physical layer security. Equipped with NBfull-duplex antennas, the receiver simultaneously receives the information signal and transmits artificial noise (AN). In order to reduce the non-cancellable self-interference due to the transmitted AN, the receiver has to estimate the self-interference channel prior to the data communication phase. In the proposed CT scheme, the receiver transmits a limited number of pilot symbols that are known only to itself. Such a secret CT scheme prevents an eavesdropper from estimating the jamming channel from the receiver to the eavesdropper, hence effectively degrading the eavesdropping capability. We analytically examine the connection probability (i.e., the probability of the data being successfully decoded by the receiver) of the legitimate channel and the secrecy outage probability due to eavesdropping for the proposed secret CT scheme. Based on our analysis, the optimal power allocation between CT and data/AN transmission at the legitimate transmitter/receiver is determined. Our examination shows that the newly proposed secret CT scheme significantly outperforms the non-secret CT scheme that uses publicly known pilots when the number of antennas at the eavesdropper is larger than one.