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Jerusalem studies in philosophy and history of science

Quantum Mechanics As a Theory of Observables and States (And, Thereby, As a Theory of Probability)

John Earman, Laura Ruetsche

Published Jan 1, 2020• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-030-34316-3_11

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General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) are the theories dependent on the observer/detector so they are not the theories of the independent from observer Nature. In GR it follows from the fact that each act of observation (the photon-detector interaction via exchanges of the invisible superluminal particles responsible for quantum entanglement i.e. there are exchanged the spin-1 entanglons) sets the speed of light in “vacuum” c in relation to the detector (the speed c is in relation to the emitter or a last-interaction object - sometimes it is a detector). In QM it results from the fact that we cannot observe the entanglons directly and because time of observation lasts much longer than the time of exchanges of the invisible superluminal entanglons so there appear wavefunctions, superposition of states, and probabilities to find a particle in different states. Simultaneity of different states of the same particle is an illusion that appears only in the theories dependent on the observer. There must be in existence a more fundamental theory, which should be a theory of Nature independent on the observer - it is the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). SST leads to the initial conditions applied in GR and QM and shows that these theories are dependent on the observer. Moreover, SST shows that we cannot unify GR and QM within the same methods. SST shows that Nature behaves classically in a deterministic way but it does not mean that the free will is not in existence.

•Nov 1, 2016•0 citations
(1) Background: Over a dozen constructions have been proposed to untangle the foundations of quantum mechanics (QM). So many irreconcilable schemes raise the suspect that methodological requisites should be discussed before beginning a theoretical construction in QM. In particular, we identify the ensuing issues of methods: formal definitions of particles and waves; incompatible probability theories and the single case problem. (2) Methods of the present inquiry: We tackle the second and third issue with a novel and comprehensive probability theory. Next it applies the theoretical results to quantum physics. (3) Results of the present inquiry: The new probability theory proves how some effects - the impossibility of measuring, the collapse of outcomes, non-locality and counterfactual definiteness - are not exclusive to quantum mechanics but can be observed also in classical context. (4) Conclusions: A probability-based interpretation of quantum mechanics is derived; innovative answers are put forward about quantum dualism, the measurement problem, collapse and the relations between classical and quantum physics.
General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) are the theories dependent on the observer/detector so they are not the theories of the independent from observer Nature. In GR it follows from the fact that each act of observation (the photon-detector interaction via exchanges of the invisible superluminal particles responsible for quantum entanglement i.e. there are exchanged the spin-1 entanglons) sets the speed of light in “vacuum” c in relation to the detector (the speed c is in relation to the emitter or a last-interaction object - sometimes it is a detector). In QM it results from the fact that we cannot observe the entanglons directly and because time of observation lasts much longer than the time of exchanges of the invisible superluminal entanglons so there appear wavefunctions, superposition of states, and probabilities to find a particle in different states. Simultaneity of different states of the same particle is an illusion that appears only in the theories dependent on the observer. There must be in existence a more fundamental theory, which should be a theory of Nature independent on the observer - it is the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). SST leads to the initial conditions applied in GR and QM and shows that these theories are dependent on the observer. Moreover, SST shows that we cannot unify GR and QM within the same methods. SST shows that Nature behaves classically in a deterministic way but it does not mean that the free will is not in existence.