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APS

Electrostatic Focusing of Cesium Atoms in a Fountain

Harvey Gould, Jason Amini, Juris G. Kalnins

Published May 1, 2004• 0 citations
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Focusing a fountain of neutral cesium atoms with an electrostatic lens triplet

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An electrostatic lens with three focusing elements in an alternating-gradient configuration is used to focus a fountain of cesium atoms in their ground (strong-field-seeking) state. The lens electrodes are shaped to produce only sextupole plus dipole equipotentials which avoids adding the unnecessary nonlinear forces present in cylindrical lenses. Defocusing between lenses is greatly reduced by having all of the main electric fields point in the same direction and be of nearly equal magnitude. The addition of the third lens gave us better control of the focusing strength in the two transverse planes and allowed focusing of the beam to half the image size in both planes. The beam envelope was calculated for lens voltages selected to produced specific focusing properties. The calculations, starting from first principles, were compared with measured beam sizes and found to be in good agreement. Application to fountain experiments, atomic clocks, and focusing polar molecules in strong-field-seeking states is discussed.

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An electrostatic light shutter for atomic fountain clocks

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Most cesium fountain clocks built today operate in sequential steps where an atomic cloud is trapped, launched, interrogated and detected. Except for the interrogation, every other step requires laser beams to illuminate the atoms and produce fluorescence. The microwave interrogation is, on the other hand, severely disturbed by any fluorescence which produces a light shift on the atoms. Since it is desirable to minimize the dead time between the interrogation of the atoms, it is tempting to try to operate the fountain with many steps occurring simultaneously. In that case, the fluorescence light produced by the trap and the detection must be blocked before it enters the interrogation region. This is accomplished in some fountains by a using various shutters or by deflecting the trajectory of the atomic cloud with a non-uniform magnetic field. We propose here a new type of shutter that operates using an electrostatic force to move a rotor. A hole in the rotor lines up with the axis of the fountain at regular intervals to let the atomic cloud through, but then the shutter is closed when the laser beams are turned on. We give here the details of the operations of such a shutter and present the results of attenuation measurements.

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Pulsed high-density source of cesium atoms

Vacuum•May 1, 1978•0 citations
An electrostatic lens with three focusing elements in an alternating-gradient configuration is used to focus a fountain of cesium atoms in their ground (strong-field-seeking) state. The lens electrodes are shaped to produce only sextupole plus dipole equipotentials which avoids adding the unnecessary nonlinear forces present in cylindrical lenses. Defocusing between lenses is greatly reduced by having all of the main electric fields point in the same direction and be of nearly equal magnitude. The addition of the third lens gave us better control of the focusing strength in the two transverse planes and allowed focusing of the beam to half the image size in both planes. The beam envelope was calculated for lens voltages selected to produced specific focusing properties. The calculations, starting from first principles, were compared with measured beam sizes and found to be in good agreement. Application to fountain experiments, atomic clocks, and focusing polar molecules in strong-field-seeking states is discussed.
Most cesium fountain clocks built today operate in sequential steps where an atomic cloud is trapped, launched, interrogated and detected. Except for the interrogation, every other step requires laser beams to illuminate the atoms and produce fluorescence. The microwave interrogation is, on the other hand, severely disturbed by any fluorescence which produces a light shift on the atoms. Since it is desirable to minimize the dead time between the interrogation of the atoms, it is tempting to try to operate the fountain with many steps occurring simultaneously. In that case, the fluorescence light produced by the trap and the detection must be blocked before it enters the interrogation region. This is accomplished in some fountains by a using various shutters or by deflecting the trajectory of the atomic cloud with a non-uniform magnetic field. We propose here a new type of shutter that operates using an electrostatic force to move a rotor. A hole in the rotor lines up with the axis of the fountain at regular intervals to let the atomic cloud through, but then the shutter is closed when the laser beams are turned on. We give here the details of the operations of such a shutter and present the results of attenuation measurements.