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IEEE Photonics Technology Letters

Demonstration of Stealthy and Encrypted Optical Transmission Below Adjacent 50 GHz DWDM Channels

Eyal Wohlgemuth, Yaron Yoffe, Pantea Nadimi Goki, Muhammad Imran, Francesco Fresi, Luca Potì, Dan Sadot

Published Apr 7, 2020• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A stealthy and encrypted transmission is demonstrated in a dense-WDM network. The residual gap between two neighboring commercial channels is utilized for the transmission of the secured channel, hidden below the amplifier noise at negative -10 dB/0.1nm OSNR. The stealthy and encrypted channel is generated by a digital replication of the baseband signal together with a digital spectral phase mask. This technique provides encryption and steganography as it exclusively allows the eligible user to obtain a considerable processing-gain, and to recover extremely low OSNR signals. In this work the secured channel is explored under stringent network conditions. A stealth transmission was tested between two high OSNR public channels, separated 50 GHz apart: Unshaped 25 Gbps NRZ channel and digitally shaped coherent PM-QPSK 112 Gbps channel. Although it is significantly overlapped by adjacent channels and covered by the ASE noise, we demonstrate error-free detection of the secured channel, without significant effect on the commercial channels.

DOI
10.1109/lpt.2020.2985670

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A stealthy and encrypted transmission is demonstrated in a dense-WDM network. The residual gap between two neighboring commercial channels is utilized for the transmission of the secured channel, hidden below the amplifier noise at negative -10 dB/0.1nm OSNR. The stealthy and encrypted channel is generated by a digital replication of the baseband signal together with a digital spectral phase mask. This technique provides encryption and steganography as it exclusively allows the eligible user to obtain a considerable processing-gain, and to recover extremely low OSNR signals. In this work the secured channel is explored under stringent network conditions. A stealth transmission was tested between two high OSNR public channels, separated 50 GHz apart: Unshaped 25 Gbps NRZ channel and digitally shaped coherent PM-QPSK 112 Gbps channel. Although it is significantly overlapped by adjacent channels and covered by the ASE noise, we demonstrate error-free detection of the secured channel, without significant effect on the commercial channels.
The concept of multi-homodyne coherent detection is used for stealth and secured optical communications, demonstrating a transmission rate of 20 Gbps under negative (in dB) optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), in a deployed multi-core fiber (MCF) network. A 10 GBd QPSK signal is assigned with a bandwidth of multi-hundreds GHz, optically encoded with spectral phase mask, and transmitted below ASE noise in the MCF channel. To enable such transmission scheme, a semiconductor based gain-switched laser (GSL) frequency comb, used as both the signal carrier and local oscillator (LO), are then mixed in intradyne coherent receiver. The ultra-short time-domain overlapping between the pulsed signal and the pulsed LO allows the authorized user to collect the information, while discriminating most of the noise. Consequently, the electrical SNR is dramatically improved compared to the optical SNR, resulting in optical processing gain. Nevertheless, ultra-short pulses mixing is rather susceptible to a chromatic dispersion (CD), which imposes a major challenge in this spread-spectrum transmission technique. In this contribution, the effect of CD in multi-homodyne coherent detection is analyzed in an analytic model and in experiments. The model suggests a modified CD transfer function, comprised of the optical sampling of a conventional CD transfer function. In addition, the SNR penalty associated with the CD effect is quantified, as well as its dependency in propagation length and overall GSL's bandwidth. To circumvent the devastating effect of the CD, multi-core fibers are proposed. Two different weakly-coupled cores of a homogeneous MCF allow the signal and the LO to co-propagate through a very similar dispersive channel. A field trial in a deployed 6.29 km MCF network has validated an encrypted and stealthy 20 Gbps coherent transmission, at -2 dB OSNR.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) optical stealth transmission system carried by amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise. The stealth signal is hidden in both time and frequency domains by using ASE noise as the signal carrier. Each WDM channel uses part of the ASE spectrum, which provides more flexibility to apply stealth transmission in a public network and adds another layer of security to the stealth channel. Multi-channel transmission also increases the overall channel capacity, which is the major limitation of the single stealth channel transmission based on ASE noise. The relations between spectral bandwidth and coherence length of ASE carrier have been theoretically analyzed and experimentally investigated.
A novel approach is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for optical steganography transmission in WDM networks using temporal phase coded optical signals with spectral notch filtering. A temporal phase coded stealth channel is temporally and spectrally overlaid onto a public WDM channel. Direct detection of the public channel is achieved in the presence of the stealth channel. The interference from the public channel is suppressed by spectral notching before the detection of the optical stealth signal. The approach is shown to have good compatibility and robustness to the existing WDM network for optical steganography transmission.
Photonic layer security is demonstrated over 200 km of a loaded dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) network. The secure channel achieves 100 Gbps throughput with photonic-encrypted coherent transmission and continuously updating photonic keys. The signal is effectively concealed under optical noise, harvest-proof, and lacks offline decryption capabilities, ensuring post-quantum resilience. Additionally, successful coexistence with seven conventional coherent channels, both in-band and out-of-band, is demonstrated in a real-world scenario.