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SPIE Quantum Technologies

Quantum illumination with simple detection

Hao Dong Yang, Wojciech Roga, Jonathan D. Pritchard, John Jeffers

Published Mar 30, 2020• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We show that by using the non-classical two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) to illuminate an object, quantum correlations contribute to a detectable enhancement even under regimes of high signal loss and background thermal noise. We also consider a realistic measurement scenario with click detectors, along with sequential Bayesian inference; a single click on one mode of the TMSV produces a vacuum removed thermal state which enhances the probability of subsequent click detection.

DOI
10.1117/12.2555390

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We show that by using the non-classical two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) to illuminate an object, quantum correlations contribute to a detectable enhancement even under regimes of high signal loss and background thermal noise. We also consider a realistic measurement scenario with click detectors, along with sequential Bayesian inference; a single click on one mode of the TMSV produces a vacuum removed thermal state which enhances the probability of subsequent click detection.
Quantum illumination is a quantum sensing protocol primarily used for object detection, which aims to detect the presence of a target with low reflectivity in the free space using quantum light fields. Here we investigate a quantum illumination scheme using an entangled light source by performing non-Gaussian operations on the two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) state in order to reduce the detection error probability and meanwhile improve the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. We demonstrate that under the same squeezing parameter, the non-Gaussian operations can significantly reduce the detection error rate compared with the original TMSV state. Under the same average signal photon number, both the TMSV states with and without non-Gaussian operations can provide smaller error rate than that of the coherent state. In addition, we consider the balanced homodyne detection on idler and return signal photons as joint measurement and find that non-Gaussian operations can enhance the SNR of target detection by about 6--9 dB compared with that using TMSV. These results here demonstrate the advantage of the non-Gaussian entangled source in quantum illumination protocol and can find potential applications in target detection in noisy environment.
The advantages of using quantum states of light for object detection are often highlighted in schemes that use simultaneous and optimal measurements. Here, we describe a theoretical but experimentally realizable quantum illumination scheme based on nonsimultaneous and nonoptimal measurements, which can maintain this advantage. In particular, we examine the multiclick-heralded two-mode-squeezed vacuum state as a probe signal in a quantum illumination process. The increase in conditioned signal intensity associated with multiclick heralding is greater than that from a single detector-heralded signal. Our results show, for lossy external conditions, the presence of the target object can be revealed earlier using multiclick measurements. We demonstrate this through sequential shot measurements based on Monte Carlo simulation.
A quantum illumination protocol exploits correlated light beams to enhance the probability of detection of a partially reflecting object lying in a very noisy background. Recently a simple photon-number-detection-based implementation of a quantum illumination-like scheme was provided in Phys. Rev. Lett.101, 153603 (2013), where the enhancement was preserved despite the loss of nonclassicality. In the present paper, we investigate the source for quantum advantage in that realization. We introduce an effective two-mode description of the light sources and analyze the mutual information (MI) as a quantifier of total correlations in the effective two-mode picture. In the relevant regime of a highly thermalized background, we find that the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio achieved by the entangled sources over the unentangled thermal ones amounts exactly to the ratio of the effective MIs of the corresponding sources. More precisely, both quantities tend to a common limit specified by the squared ratio of the respective cross correlations. A thorough analysis of the experimental data confirms this theoretical result.
Quantum illumination is a protocol where quantum resources are utilized to detect a low-reflectivity object embedded in a bright thermal noise bath. For example, quantum illumination with a two-mode squeezed state (TMSS) provides a 6 dB advantage in the error-probability exponent over the optimal classical illumination. We here consider quantum illumination with the photon-subtracted two-mode squeezed state (PSTMSS). Our result is twofold. First, we show that a much smaller error probability Perr{P}_{\mathrm{err}}Perr​ could be obtained, meaning that much smaller resources will be required in quantum illumination for a fixed Perr{P}_{\mathrm{err}}Perr​. Second, quantum illumination with PSTMSS appreciably outperforms its classic correspondence in both low- and high-noise operating regimes, extending the regimes in which quantum illumination is optimal for target detection.
Quantum illumination has been a hot topic in quantum sensing since first proposed by S. Lloyd in 2008. Quantum illumination is an entanglement-based protocol that is able to detect the existence of a target in an environment with low-energy transmissivity and strong thermal noise. The Bell state and the two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) state as an entangled light source have been widely discussed. In our previous study, we clarified that quantum illumination using the quasi-Bell state offers good performance at error probability even though easing the above-mentioned restrictions on the environment. In this study, we considered and discussed a physical implementation of a measurement scheme for the quasi-Bell state-based quantum illumination using a beam splitter and photon counters. As the result, although the measurement scheme is not an optimum scheme, it still offers a clear advantage over that using the TMSV state, which allows optimum quantum detection, under almost situations.
It is important to find feasible measurement bounds for quantum information protocols. We present analytic bounds for quantum illumination with Gaussian states when using an on-off detection or a photon number resolving (PNR) detection, where its performance is evaluated with signal-to-noise ratio. First, for coincidence counting measurement, the best performance is given by the two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) state which outperforms the coherent state and the classically correlated thermal (CCT) state. However, the coherent state can beat the TMSV state with increasing signal mean photon number in the case of the on-off detection. Second, the performance is enhanced by taking Fisher information approach with all counting probabilities including non-detection events. In the Fisher information approach, the TMSV state still presents the best performance but the CCT state can beat the TMSV state with increasing signal mean photon number in the case of the on-off detection. Furthermore, we show that it is useful to take the PNR detection on the signal mode and the on-off detection on the idler mode, which reaches similar performance of using PNR detection on both modes.