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IEEE Access

Verifiable Quantum Cloud Computation Scheme Based on Blind Computation

Jing Li, Yang Zhao, Yubo Yang, Yongjun Lin

Published Jan 1, 2020• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a verifiable quantum cloud computation scheme based on blind quantum computation which effectively solves the privacy and verifiability problem for clients when interfacing with quantum computer in cloud computation. Different from most of present works (e.g. using brickwork state as resource state), we use cluster state with grid distributed structure to realize the universal and cryptographic calculation which is more suitable for the distributed architecture of cloud computation. Throughout the process, the random key is always held by the client that effectively promote the confidentiality. Moreover, we propose a new method to make the client Alice verifies the correctness of the results through only classical calculation. Security analysis shows that cloud server Bob can only obtain the dimension of input state and cluster state from the calculation, but cannot obtain any information of the input, the output and the algorithm. Dishonest Bob will be detected during the verification.

DOI
10.1109/access.2020.2982090

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In this paper, we propose a verifiable quantum cloud computation scheme based on blind quantum computation which effectively solves the privacy and verifiability problem for clients when interfacing with quantum computer in cloud computation. Different from most of present works (e.g. using brickwork state as resource state), we use cluster state with grid distributed structure to realize the universal and cryptographic calculation which is more suitable for the distributed architecture of cloud computation. Throughout the process, the random key is always held by the client that effectively promote the confidentiality. Moreover, we propose a new method to make the client Alice verifies the correctness of the results through only classical calculation. Security analysis shows that cloud server Bob can only obtain the dimension of input state and cluster state from the calculation, but cannot obtain any information of the input, the output and the algorithm. Dishonest Bob will be detected during the verification.
The characteristics of BQC is that it enables a client with less quantum abilities to delegate her quantum computation to a server with strong quantum computablities while keeping the client's privacy. In this article, we study single client-server BQC based on measurement which is verifiable. In detail, the verifiability is that the client Alice can obtain the correct measurement results if the server Bob is honest, while Bob does not get nothing of Alice's secret information if he is malicious. We construct a latticed state, composed of six-qubit cluster states and eight-qubit entangled states, to realize Alice's quantum computing. In this proposed protocol, the cilent Alice prepares and sends initial single-qubit states to Bob, where the initial states include useful qubits and trap qubits. And then Bob performs controlled-Z gate to produce the entanglement and returns them to Alice. Alice will send trap qubits and useful qubits to Bob randomly and Bob returns all measurement results to her. Alice makes a comparison for trap qubits between true results and Bob's results to check the honesty of Bob. In a word, the trap qubtis have two purposes: 1) confusing Bob to keep the blindness; 2)verifying the honesty of Bob and correctness of Bob's quantum computing. There has an important feature that Alice does not need to encrypt the computing angles by rπr\pirπ (r∈{0,1}\in\{0,1\}∈{0,1}), meanwhile the blindness and correctness can also be ensured. That is, Alice's computing results don't need to flipped since Bob is not impossible know anything about the quantum computation. Our work gives a better understanding for verifiable BQC based on measurement.
Abstract Blind quantum computation(BQC) is a new type of secure quantum computation. In the natural environment, the qubits used in BQC will inevitably be affected by the noise, and the client cannot guarantee the correctness of computational results when the server is dishonest. This paper proposes a verifiable BQC over collective-noise based on quantum error correction to solve these two problems. Furthermore, the proposed protocol needs to expand Alice’s quantum capabilities. The client makes single-qubit measurements on the qubits, encoded and transmitted by the server. As a result, they protect qubits used to compute and utilize single-qubits to verify.
Abstract Blind quantum computation (BQC) allows a client without enough quantum technologies to delegate her quantum computation to a remote quantum server, while keeping her input, output and algorithm secure. In this paper, we propose a universal single-server and almost-classical-client BQC protocol. In this protocol, the client interfaces with only one server and the only ability of the client required is to get particles from the trusted center and forward them to the server. We present an analysis of this protocol and modify it to a universal single-server and fully-classical-client BQC protocol by improving the ability of the trusted center. Based on our protocols and recent works, a new ‘Cloud + Certificate Authority (CA)’ style is proposed for the BQC.
Verifiable blind quantum computing is a secure delegated quantum computing where a client with a limited quantum technology delegates her quantum computing to a server who has a universal quantum computer. The client's privacy is protected (blindness), and the correctness of the computation is verifiable by the client despite her limited quantum technology (verifiability). There are mainly two types of protocols for verifiable blind quantum computing: the protocol where the client has only to generate single-qubit states and the protocol where the client needs only the ability of single-qubit measurements. The latter is called the measurement-only verifiable blind quantum computing. If the input of the client's quantum computing is a quantum state, whose classical efficient description is not known to the client, there was no way for the measurement-only client to verify the correctness of the input. Here we introduce a protocol of measurement-only verifiable blind quantum computing where the correctness of the quantum input is also verifiable.
Blind quantum computing (BQC) allows a client to delegate quantum computations to a remote server without revealing the input, computation, or output. In addition to being blind, the client can sometimes also verify that the server has performed their instructions correctly, a property known as verifiability. A key part of realizing such verifiable BQC (VBQC) is choosing the design of the client device: many architectures have been proposed, each with different hardware requirements, security properties, and performance characteristics, making it difficult to identify which is most suitable for a given implementation. In this work, we present a comparative analysis of client architectures for VBQC with a matter-qubit server. We restrict our analysis to single-server, single-client protocols with information-theoretic security based on measurement-based quantum computation. We identify three main categories of client: emission-based, measurement-based, and rotation-based, each with multiple variants depending on how the client interacts with the server. We evaluate each across different dimensions: we compare guarantees of existing corresponding security proofs, we derive equations for the rate at which each client can execute a protocol, we provide an overview of each architecture's error behaviour, and discuss hardware cost and design considerations. Client architectures implementing measurement-based remote state preparation and reflection-based teleportation emerge as strong default candidates, but as the right choice remains context-dependent, we provide a framework for navigating considerations to guide the selection of the most suitable architecture for a given setting.
Quantum computing has considerable advantages in solving some problems over its classical counterpart. Currently various physical systems are developed to construct quantum computers but it is still challenging and the first use of quantum computers may adopt the cloud style. Blind quantum computing (BQC) provides a solution for clients with limited quantum capabilities to delegate their quantum computation to remote quantum servers while keeping input, output, and even algorithm private. In this paper, we propose three multi-party verifiable blind quantum computing (VBQC) protocols with identity authentication to handle clients with varying quantum capabilities in quantum networks, such as those who can just make measurements, prepare single qubits, or perform a few single-qubit gates. They are client-friendly and flexible since the clients can achieve BQC depending on their own quantum devices and resist both insider outsider attacks in quantum networks. Furthermore, all the three proposed protocols are verifiable, namely that the clients can verify the correctness of their calculations.