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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Long range coupling through a chain of RF-SQUIDs for superconducting flux qubit quantum annealers

Antonio Martinez, Daniel Tennant, Xi Dai, Denis Melanson, Muhammet Ali Yurtalan, Salil Bedkihal, Edward Tang, Alexander J. Melville, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Rabindra Nath Das, David K. Kim, Jonilyn Yoder, Steven J. Weber, Andrew J. Kerman, С. А. Новиков, Steven Disseler, James I. Basham, Jeffrey A. Grover, Evgeny Mozgunov, Daniel A. Lidar, Adrian Lupaşcu

Published Mar 3, 2020• 0 citations
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Abstract Spin chains have long been considered an effective medium for long-range interactions, entanglement generation, and quantum state transfer. In this work, we explore the properties of a spin chain implemented with superconducting flux circuits, designed to act as a connectivity medium between two superconducting qubits. The susceptibility of the chain is probed and shown to support long-range, cross-chain correlations. In addition, interactions between the two end qubits, mediated by the coupler chain, are demonstrated. This work has direct applicability in near term quantum annealing processors as a means of generating long-range, coherent coupling between qubits.
The real-time flux dynamics of up to three superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) are studied by numerically solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. The numerical results are used to scrutinize the mapping of the flux degrees of freedom onto two-level systems (the qubits) as well as the performance of the intermediate SQUID as a tunable coupling element. It is shown that the qubit representation yields a good description of the flux dynamics during quantum annealing and the presence of the tunable coupling element does not have negative effects on the overall performance. Additionally, data obtained from a simulation of the dynamics of two-level systems during quantum annealing are compared to experimental data produced by the D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer. The effects of finite temperature are incorporated in the simulation by coupling the qubit system to a bath of two-level systems. It is shown that an environment modeled as noninteracting two-level systems coupled to the qubits can produce data which matches the experimental data much better than the simulation data of the qubits without coupling to an environment and better than data obtained from a simulation of an environment modeled as interacting two-level systems coupling to the qubits.