Classified information protection is regulated by dedicated acts and related laws that require use of necessary physical, personal, information and communication technologies, electromagnetic and cryptographic security measures. Equipment and tools for cryptographic protection of classified information should be examined and assessed by the designated government services. Certificates issued by these services authorize the use of cryptographic devices to protect classified information, but this is not a sufficient condition. Each ICT system intended for processing classified information is subject to accreditation. All this makes the process of reaching the right level of protection for this type of information long and expensive – especially if this protection should be effectively provided in the battlefield. Additional specific requirements are put on information protection measures for radio communication, especially military, where radio transmission is characterized by uncertainty of establishing and maintaining connections, bit rates are lower than in cable or fiber optic connections, most often there is no full duplex. All this has an impact on the methods of cryptographic synchronization and implementation of cryptographic functions. A different approach to information protection is required by classic narrowband radio communications, a different one in time-division multi-access mode, and another one in broadband packet data transmission. Systems designed for the protection of classified information in radio communications implement appropriate operating modes of operation for cryptographic algorithms and protocols. Latest threats from quantum computers pose new challenges to the cryptographic protection, especially in systems using public key cryptography, because there are algorithms that can be used to attack public-key schemes with polynomial complexity.
Classified information protection is regulated by dedicated acts and related laws that require use of necessary physical, personal, information and communication technologies, electromagnetic and cryptographic security measures. Equipment and tools for cryptographic protection of classified information should be examined and assessed by the designated government services. Certificates issued by these services authorize the use of cryptographic devices to protect classified information, but this is not a sufficient condition. Each ICT system intended for processing classified information is subject to accreditation. All this makes the process of reaching the right level of protection for this type of information long and expensive – especially if this protection should be effectively provided in the battlefield. Additional specific requirements are put on information protection measures for radio communication, especially military, where radio transmission is characterized by uncertainty of establishing and maintaining connections, bit rates are lower than in cable or fiber optic connections, most often there is no full duplex. All this has an impact on the methods of cryptographic synchronization and implementation of cryptographic functions. A different approach to information protection is required by classic narrowband radio communications, a different one in time-division multi-access mode, and another one in broadband packet data transmission. Systems designed for the protection of classified information in radio communications implement appropriate operating modes of operation for cryptographic algorithms and protocols. Latest threats from quantum computers pose new challenges to the cryptographic protection, especially in systems using public key cryptography, because there are algorithms that can be used to attack public-key schemes with polynomial complexity.
Abstract. In the digital age, cryptography is widely used in various important systems such as financial, military and government ones, medical records etc. The life of modern people is closely connected with the cryptography. We send messages via instant messengers without even considering in which way the security of communications and data is ensured. We buy things both online and transfer money with confidence in transaction security. The level of digitization of our society is constantly increasing, and the digital data needs a reliable protection, which makes cryptography a current topic. Cryptographic systems ensure our security and the basic properties of information, such as privacy, integrity, availability. However, with the beginning of the development of quantum computers, the field of cryptography has developed in a new direction. Quantum cryptography is a science that studies the methods of communication systems protection. It is based on the idea that patterns of quantum physics (physical properties described by the laws of quantum optics, quantum electrodynamics, or quantum field theory) are inviolable. The current state of development and usage of powerful quantum computers, as well as their mathematical and software, is strictly confidential and securely protected. Only clear-cut information about quantum computers and their usage in cryptography is provided. NIST has announced an open competition to select quantum-resistant public-key cryptographic algorithms. After the third round, CRYSTALS-KYBER, CRYSTALS Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+ were proposed to be standardized. NIST has already recommended moving from the sizes of keys and algorithms that provide 80 security bits to the sizes of keys and algorithms that provide 112 or 128 security bits in order to protect against classic attacks. Post-quantum cryptography, which with its complexities still requires a more detailed study, challenge science once more. However, it is unknown when the changes will occur and when the quantum era will begin, as well as what consequences they will have. It is only possible to predict how many advantages will have quantum calculations compared to usual, and how different the new quantum models will be from classic ones.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to the confidentiality and integrity of classified and defense communications. Quantum algorithms have the potential to undermine widely deployed public key cryptographic schemes, exposing sensitive military and governmental information to interception and decryption. Foundational work in quantum cryptography has demonstrated that the principles of quantum mechanics can be leveraged to achieve fundamentally secure key distribution, offering a promising countermeasure to quantum-enabled attacks (Bennett & Brassard, 2014; Ekert, 1991). As defense communication systems increasingly rely on longterm data confidentiality, the urgency of transitioning toward quantum-resilient security architectures has become a strategic priority. Despite their widespread adoption, classical cryptographic mechanisms are increasingly vulnerable in the post-quantum era. Studies on post-quantum cryptography have shown that many conventional encryption and key exchange algorithms are susceptible to quantum adversaries, necessitating the development and standardization of new cryptographic primitives (Chen et al., 2016). Ongoing standardization efforts further highlight the complexity of migrating large-scale, mission-critical systems to quantum-safe solutions, particularly within defense environments where interoperability, reliability, and assurance requirements are stringent (Alagic et al., 2025). In parallel, artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful enabler of advanced security analytics. Machine learning and deep learning techniques enhance intrusion detection, anomaly identification, and adaptive response capabilities within complex communication infrastructures (Buczak & Guven, 2016). Recent research also demonstrates that AI can be applied directly within quantum cryptographic systems, for example by improving signal processing, error correction, and performance optimization in quantum key distribution implementations (Chin et al., 2021). The convergence of quantum cryptography and AIdriven analytics therefore offers a complementary and proactive approach to securing defense communications against both classical and quantum threats. This paper analyzes the integration of quantum cryptography and artificial intelligence as a unified framework for protecting classified and defense communications. It synthesizes advances in quantum key distribution, post-quantum cryptography, and AI-based security analytics, and proposes an integrated perspective that enhances resilience, detection capability, and operational robustness. The study highlights key implications for defense communication systems, emphasizing how AI-enhanced quantum security architectures can support long-term confidentiality, adaptive defense, and strategic cyber resilience in the evolving threat landscape (Sarker et al., 2021).
With the rapid development of quantum technologies and the growth of complex cyber threats, it is particularly important to create reliable data protection methods that can guarantee the unconditional security of transmitted information.Quantum cryptography works based on stuff like superposition (the ability of particles to be in several states at once), quantum entanglement (how they're connected from a distance), and the fact that it's impossible to exactly copy or change a quantum state.The application of these principles makes it possible to implement quantum key distribution, which ensures the detection of any interference in the communication channel and makes it impossible to intercept information unnoticed.The article analyzes the most well-known quantum cryptographic protocols, in particular BB84 and E91, their architecture, principles of operation, and features of implementation in military conditions.The composition of typical quantum protection systems is considered: light pulse sources, channels for transmitting quantum data, devices for receiving them, information processing modules, and conventional communication channels for control.The issues of compatibility of quantum solutions with the existing infrastructure of military telecommunications systems are considered, and the prospects for hybrid cryptographic models combining quantum and post-quantum approaches are analyzed.A comparative analysis of traditional and quantum cryptography is carried out according to criteria such as reliability, scalability, resistance to attacks, and development potential.The main advantages of using quantum cryptography in the defense sector are highlighted, in particular, ensuring a secure command communication channel, protecting navigation and telemetry systems, and the secure operation of distributed networks in combat conditions.Examples of international developments and research are considered, in particular, the DARPA Quantum Network, the Chinese Micius satellite, and EU projects within the Quantum Flagship initiative.These examples demonstrate the interest of leading countries in introducing quantum technologies into the field of national security.The potential of quantum cryptography as a means of updating and strengthening the cyber defense system in № 8(49) 2025 1018 the defense sector has been identified, taking into account both current challenges and future threats in the digital environment.
Quantum computing holds an enormous power to transform cryptography because it protects secured communication. RSA together with elliptic curve cryptography functions based on mathematical challenges like integer factorization and discrete logarithms until quantum computers present security risks to these traditional systems. Such problems become solvable with efficiency through Shor's algorithm running on quantum computers which threatens the security of multiple widely used cryptographic protocols. The document examines quantum computing effects on cryptography to explain why quantum algorithms break classic cryptographic system security. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) acts as a protective solution against quantum-based attacks through its mission to create cryptographic techniques which demonstrate quantum attack resilience. This paper examines quantum-age security design protocols for cryptographic keys using both quantum key distribution and lattice-based cryptography and hash-based cryptography and multivariate polynomial cryptography. The research analyzes the effectiveness and protective capability of new PQC solutions by connecting theoretical concepts with practical applications. The study points out advancements in quantum cryptography as well as the quantum hardware obstacles and the global initiative to establish post-quantum algorithms standards. The authors stress the urgent need for up-to-date quantum-resistant measures because of swift quantum technology progress. The protection of sensitive materials and communications networks from destructive quantum computing threats requires immediate focus because this need drives the necessity of properly preparing for post-quantum cryptography.
The exponential growth of global telecommunication networks has heightened the need for robust security frameworks to protect data transmission against evolving cyber threats.Traditional encryption techniques, such as RSA and AES, while effective, are increasingly vulnerable to advances in computational power and the impending threat posed by quantum computing.Quantum cryptography, specifically Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), presents a revolutionary approach to securing telecommunication systems by leveraging the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics.Unlike classical encryption methods, QKD guarantees data security through the use of quantum states that are inherently resistant to interception and eavesdropping due to the no-cloning theorem and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.From a broader perspective, this paper explores the integration of quantum cryptographic protocols into existing telecommunication infrastructures, emphasizing their potential to safeguard data transmission in fiber-optic and satellite communication networks.It examines the architecture and operational mechanisms of QKD systems, detailing protocols such as BB84 and E91, and evaluates their effectiveness in countering both classical and quantum-enabled cyber-attacks.Additionally, the study delves into the challenges of large-scale deployment, including key distribution range limitations, hardware requirements, and the need for quantum repeaters to support long-distance secure communication.Narrowing the focus, case studies on the implementation of quantum cryptography in 5G networks and global telecommunication hubs are analysed, highlighting their role in enhancing network resilience and ensuring end-to-end encryption.The paper concludes with strategic recommendations for policy development, international standardization, and future research directions to facilitate the widespread adoption of quantum cryptography in the telecommunications sector.
Cryptology and information security are set to play a more prominent role in the near future. In this regard, quantum communication and cryptography offer new opportunities to tackle ICT security. Quantum Information Processing and Communication (QIPC) is a scientific field where new conceptual foundations and techniques are being developed. They promise to play an important role in the future of information Security. It is therefore essential to have a cross-fertilizing development between quantum technology and cryptology in order to address the security challenges of the emerging quantum era. In this article, we discuss the impact of quantum technology on the current as well as future crypto-techniques. We then analyse the assumptions on which quantum computers may operate. Then we present our vision for the distribution of security attributes using a novel form of trust based on Heisenberg's uncertainty; and, building highly secure quantum networks based on the clear transmission of single photons and/or bundles of photons able to withstand unauthorized reading as a result of secure protocols based on the observations of quantum mechanics. We argue how quantum cryptographic systems need to be developed that can take advantage of the laws of physics to provide long-term security based on solid assumptions. This requires a structured integration effort to deploy quantum technologies within the existing security infrastructure. Finally, we conclude that classical cryptographic techniques need to be redesigned and upgraded in view of the growing threat of cryptanalytic attacks posed by quantum information processing devices leading to the development of post-quantum cryptography.