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Laser Physics Letters

Asymmetric image encryption based on optical interference using modified error-reduction phase retrieval algorithm

Lei Liu, Mingguang Shan, Zhi Zhong, Bin Liu

Published Feb 3, 2020• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In this paper, we propose an asymmetric interference based encryption (IBE) using a modified error-reduction phase retrieval algorithm (mERPRA) in a structure of optical interference. Unlike previously proposed IBE schemes, the ciphertext in our scheme has less pixels than the original image. What is more important, a plaintext-dependent private key can be retrieved by using mERPRA with a fixed amplitude constraint, which makes this IBE scheme asymmetric. As we know, except for equal modulus decomposition-based encryption schemes, this is the first time that asymmetric IBE is presented. Consequentially, our proposed IBE scheme gains enhanced security due to its asymmetry. Simulation results are demonstrated to prove the validity of this scheme.

DOI
10.1088/1612-202x/ab6856

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Mar 6, 2015•0 citations
Abstract In this paper, we propose an asymmetric interference based encryption (IBE) using a modified error-reduction phase retrieval algorithm (mERPRA) in a structure of optical interference. Unlike previously proposed IBE schemes, the ciphertext in our scheme has less pixels than the original image. What is more important, a plaintext-dependent private key can be retrieved by using mERPRA with a fixed amplitude constraint, which makes this IBE scheme asymmetric. As we know, except for equal modulus decomposition-based encryption schemes, this is the first time that asymmetric IBE is presented. Consequentially, our proposed IBE scheme gains enhanced security due to its asymmetry. Simulation results are demonstrated to prove the validity of this scheme.
We propose an asymmetric optical image encryption scheme with silhouette removal by using interference and equal modulus decomposition (EMD). Plaintext is first separated into two complex value masks with the same modulus using EMD in the Fresnel transform domain. The two masks are encoded into four phase-only masks (POMs), two of which are treated as ciphertexts and other two as plaintext-dependent private keys by using the inverse Fresnel transform with different diffraction distances and interference-based encryption. Any information about the plaintext, including its silhouette, cannot be retrieved using one, two, or even three of the four POMs. Our scheme also avoids the constraint of the same modulus in EMD and eliminates the vulnerability against the iterative amplitude-phase attack and advanced iterative amplitude-phase attack. Numerical simulations were used to verify the validity and security of our proposed method.
We analyze and present an attack scheme of the asymmetric optical cryptosystem proposed recently based on coherent superposition and equal modulus decomposition [Opt. Lett.40, 475 (2015)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.40.000475]. We prove that the attacker can recover the original image with the ciphertext and public keys through the amplitude-phase retrieval algorithm by using two constraints. One constraint of the amplitude-phase retrieval algorithm is the public key and the other is obtained through the analysis of the cryptosystem. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the attack method.
We report a simultaneous image compression and encryption scheme based on solving a typical optical inverse problem. The secret images to be processed are multiplexed as the input intensities of a cascaded diffractive optical system. At the output plane, a compressed complex-valued data with a lot fewer measurements can be obtained by utilizing error-reduction phase retrieval algorithm. The magnitude of the output image can serve as the final ciphertext while its phase serves as the decryption key. Therefore the compression and encryption are simultaneously completed without additional encoding and filtering operations. The proposed strategy can be straightforwardly applied to the existing optical security systems that involve diffraction and interference. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the validity and security of the proposal.
This paper presents a security analysis of the optical image encryption scheme based on interference and fixed phase masks. Unlike the traditional interference-based scheme, which uses only one phase-only mask (POMs) generated during the encryption process as the private key, the improved system incorporates fixed phase masks as the additional private keys. While it appears that the security strength of the interference-based scheme is enhanced by expanding the key space, our analysis reveals that these fixed phase masks are independent of the plaintext and can be recovered through a known-plaintext attack (KPA). Once these additional private keys are obtained, the number of unknown private keys is reduced to one, allowing the plaintext information encrypted by the improved interference-based scheme to be recovered from any arbitrarily given ciphertexts without any knowledge of the private key. To show the vulnerability of this cryptosystem, we propose a hybrid attack combining the KPA and ciphertext-only attack (COA) which can break the improved interference-based cryptosystem. Numerical simulations have been performed to confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid attack.
In this paper, the security strength of an enhanced cryptosystem based on interference and the phase-retrieval technique is evaluated. The security strength of the optical cryptosystem was improved through the phase-retrieval technique used to generate a phase-only mask (POM) as the ciphertext. Due to the complex mathematical model of the phase-retrieval technique, it seems that a silhouette problem existing in the conventional interference-based scheme was removed. However, we noted that the random phase mask (RPM) regarded as the only private key was fixed in the encryption path, which is not related to the plaintext and makes it possible to be recovered using a known-plaintext attack (KPA). Moreover, we also found that the RPM has high key sensitivity, and it should be recovered precisely to retrieve information of plaintexts during the attack. Thus, a hybrid KPA where three pairs of known plaintexts and their ciphertexts are regarded as the amplitude and phase constraints to obtain the precise estimation of the RPM is proposed. Then, with the help of the estimated private key, information of the original plaintexts encoded using the cryptosystem under study could be retrieved from an arbitrarily given ciphertext without any knowledge of the private key. Our cryptoanalysis shows that the cryptosystem based on interference and the phase-retrieval technique is vulnerable to the proposed attack, and there is a security leak in it. Numerical simulations have been carried out to demonstrate the performance of our proposed attack.
A new nonlinear optical image encryption scheme based on a modified amplitude phase retrieval algorithm is proposed. With two random phase masks that serve as the public encryption keys, one iterative amplitude and phase retrieval process is employed to encode the primary image into a stationary white noise. The two private keys generated in the encryption process are randomly distributed binary matrices to be used to perform one-way binary phase modulations. The proposed encryption process is nonlinear and offers enhanced security. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and security of the proposed system. The results also illustrate that the computing efficiency of the algorithm is improved and the number of iterations is much less than that of cryptosystem based on Yang-Gu algorithm, which has two iteration processes.