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Metrologia

Improved Raman pulse sequence for rotation measurements with atom interferometers

Yu-Jie Tan, Miaomiao Zhao, Panpan Wang, Yajie Wang, Yaoyao Xu, Xiao‐Chun Duan, Cheng-Gang Shao, Zhong-Kun Hu

Published Jan 29, 2020• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Since the double-loop atom interferometer consisting of Raman π 2 − π − π − π 2 four-pulse sequences can eliminate the dependence of the interferometric phase shift on the atomic initial velocity, it is widely used for rotation measurements. However, our research shows that by coupling itself with both the atomic initial velocity and the laser detuning, the short pulse duration can contribute to unknown systematic errors within the current instrument sensitivity. The coupling of the pulse duration with the laser detuning inside the device is verified experimentally and presented in this work. An improved pulse sequence design is developed to eliminate these systematic errors and improve the precision of the rotation measurements.

DOI
10.1088/1681-7575/ab7174

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Abstract Since the double-loop atom interferometer consisting of Raman π 2 − π − π − π 2 four-pulse sequences can eliminate the dependence of the interferometric phase shift on the atomic initial velocity, it is widely used for rotation measurements. However, our research shows that by coupling itself with both the atomic initial velocity and the laser detuning, the short pulse duration can contribute to unknown systematic errors within the current instrument sensitivity. The coupling of the pulse duration with the laser detuning inside the device is verified experimentally and presented in this work. An improved pulse sequence design is developed to eliminate these systematic errors and improve the precision of the rotation measurements.
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The sensitivity of atom interferometers depends on the fidelity of the light pulses used as beamsplitters and mirrors. Atom interferometers typically employ pulses that affect π/2 and π fractional Rabi oscillations, the fidelities of which are reduced when there are variations in atomic velocity and laser intensity. We have previously demonstrated the application of optimal control theory to design pulses more robust to such errors; however, if these variations exhibit a time dependence over periods on the order of the interferometer duration then phase shifts can be introduced in the final fringe that potentially reduce the sensitivity. In this paper, we explain why care must be taken when optimising interferometer pulse sequences to ensure that phase shifts arising from inter-pulse variations are not significantly increased. We show that these phase shifts can in fact be minimised by choosing an appropriate measure of individual pulse fidelity.
Abstract In closed-loop dual-atom interferometers, the initial phase shift is a non-inertial phase induced by Raman pulses. This initial optical phase affects the measurements of both acceleration and rotation rate. In this study, we present a method to modulate the initial optical phase of light pulse atom interferometers (LPAIs). Employing this modulation method, we investigated the influence of the initial optical phase on a closed-loop dual-atom interferometer. The results reveal a better short-term sensitivity in the rotation rate measurement at an initial optical phase of 0. Our closed-loop dual-atom interferometer allows for decoupled measurements of rotation rate and acceleration. With a short interrogation time of 2T = 1.73 ms, the short-term sensitivities of the rotation rate and acceleration measurements are 2.73 × 10 − 5 ( rad / s ) / Hz and 272 μ g / Hz , respectively.
We investigate the dependence of the sensitivity of atom interferometer gravimeter on the Raman laser pulse sequence. The sensitivity of atom gravimeter can be adjusted by changing the pulse duration. Under the standard pulse configuration condition, the atom interferometer with four pulses is insensitive to the gravity if only gravity and its first order gradient are taken into account. The three-pulse Raman atom interferometer gravimeter displays best sensitivity. Atom interferometers with more than four Raman pulses show poorer sensitivity.
Imperfect Raman pulses can lead to the formation of multiple interfering paths and affect the output of an atom interferometer in high-precision measurement.We study the effect of the imperfect Raman pulses on the interferometric fringe contrast and the phase shift in the three-pulse atom interferometer by using the evolution operator method.Analytical expressions expanded to the second-order fluctuation of imperfect pulses are derived, in which the effect of coupling the imperfect pulses with laser detuning and pulse duration is also considered.The result indicates that the second-order fluctuation of imperfect pulses is dominant, however, it can be nearly ignored in the current requirements of atomic experiments.Even so, theoretical analysis is very necessary as it may be helpful in proposing some schemes to improve the interference efficiency for future high-precision measurements with atomic interferometry.
High-precision inertial sensing demonstrations with light pulse atom interferometry have typically used Raman pulses having durations orders of magnitude shorter than the dwell time between interferometer pulses. Environmentally robust sensors operating at high-bandwidth will be required to operate at short (millisecond scale) dwell times between Raman pulses. In such an operational mode, the Raman pulse duration becomes an appreciable fraction of the dwell time between pulses. In addition, high-precision inertial sensing applications have typically been demonstrated in mildly dynamic or nondynamic environments having low rate of change of inertial input, ensuring that applied Raman pulses satisfy the Raman resonance condition. Application of nonresonant pulses will be inevitable in sensors registering time-varying inertial input. We present a diagrammatic technique for calculation of atomic output state populations for multipulse atom optics manipulations that explicitly account for the effects of finite pulse duration and finite Raman detuning effects on the laser-induced atomic phase. We analyze several atom interferometer sequences. We report accelerometer and gyroscope phase evolution for fixed Raman laser frequency difference incorporating corrections in powers of the ratio of pulse duration to time interval between interferometer pulses. Our accelerometer result agrees with other published results.