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IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)

A Compact TDC-based Quantum Random Number Generator

Nicola Massari, Leonardo Gasparini, Matteo Perenzoni, Georg Pucker, Alessandro Tomasi, Zahra Bisadi, Alessio Meneghetti, Lorenzo Pavesi

Published Nov 1, 2019• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A compact quantum random number generator based on the measurement of the arrival time of photons is presented in this paper. The new system consists of a silicon nanocrystals light emitting device coupled with a SPAD-based detector, integrated in a 3D chip packaging. The miniaturization of the device allows a remarkable reduction of the system size with respect the state of the art. The detector consists of an array of 16 pixels connected to a cluster of 4 reconfigurable TDCs with 12 bit resolution each for photon time stamping. Maximum system bit rate, limited by the emission efficiency of the source, is 0.4 Mbps.

DOI
10.1109/icecs46596.2019.8964941

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A small-sized photonic quantum random number generator, easy to be implemented in small electronic devices for secure data encryption and other applications, is highly demanding nowadays. Here, we propose a compact configuration with Silicon nanocrystals large area light emitting device (LED) coupled to a Silicon photomultiplier to generate random numbers. The random number generation methodology is based on the photon arrival time and is robust against the non-idealities of the detector and the source of quantum entropy. The raw data show high quality of randomness and pass all the statistical tests in national institute of standards and technology tests (NIST) suite without a post-processing algorithm. The highest bit rate is 0.5 Mbps with the efficiency of 4 bits per detected photon.
A quantum random generator based on photon detection is here presented. The system consists of a photon source, typically a commercial LED, coupled with a detector with single photon detection capability. The detector is composed of a Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) and a time stamp circuit, which samples the arrival time of impinging photons within a predefined temporal window. The proposed implementation optimizes the area, allowing embedding all circuitry into a single pixel, and increases the efficiency of random bit extraction. Moreover, the adopted fast pre-charge mode of the SPAD quenching circuit reduces the afterpulsing probability, and hence possible undesirable correlation in the resulting random bit sequence. Thanks to the implemented random bit extraction, experimental results show that the pixel has a flat behavior for a significant range of light intensity, which makes the pixel robust against variations of external PVT parameters. The maximum achievable bit rate has been measured equal to 1 Mbps, while random sequences are shown to pass NIST tests without any post-processing.
A quantum random generator based on photon detection is here presented. The system consists of a source of photons, typically a commercial LED, coupled with a detector with single photon detection capability. The detector in this case is represented by a single pixel consisting of a SPAD and a time stamp circuit, which samples the arrival time of impinging photons within a predefined temporal window. The proposed implementation increases the efficiency of random bit extraction and reduces the afterpulsing probability, which can introduce undesirable correlation to the measurement. Preliminary results are reported, showing that the pixel has a flat behavior for a relevant range of intensity of the light, which makes the pixel robust against variations of external PVT parameters
We present a new compact photonic quantum random number generator based on an emitter (source of entropy) and a single-photon detector integrated in the same silicon chip. Not only they are integrated one close to the other, but also they are fabricated with the same fabrication process. The emitter is a small silicon photomultiplier, composed of passively-quenched single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), having the same layout of the single SPAD used as the detector. The emitter is a reverse-biased silicon p-n junction, generating photons mainly due to impact ionization during the avalanche breakdown process. The detector is shielded from ambient light by a top metal layer: only photons from the emitter are detected, making this integrated approach more robust. The random bits are extracted with a robust methodology based on the measurement of photon arrival times, using discrete time bins, in a time frame cyclically repeated in time. No postprocessing is required for the raw data to pass the statistical tests.
A compact quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on an array of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) is presented here. The main feature of the proposed chip is the capability to generate random numbers without the use of any external source of light. In this view, SPADs are configured to be used in two ways: 1) as a controlled light emitter and 2) as a detector. An embedded logic is able to distinguish dark events against detected emitted photon in such a way to make the system sensitive only to the presence of light. The extracted random bits show a uniform distribution and the QRNG, thanks to an integrated conditioning block maximizing the output entropy, eventually passes all AIS31 tests. The average raw bit rate in the default device configuration (one enabled column) is measured equal to 800 kbps.
A robust quantum random number generation methodology has been developed and tested. The physical setup is based on a silicon nanocrystals light source coupled with a Si single photon avalanche diode driving a fully synchronous digital logic in a field-programmable gate array. After detailed analyses of the source and the detector, methods have been developed to make the nonidealities of the system and their consequent drawbacks decoupled from the quality of the generated random numbers. All the statistical tests in the national institute of standards and technology tests suite and the TestU01 Alphabit battery are consistently passed without a postprocessing operation on the raw data and without any feedback action on the photon source or any other parameter of the system. The maximum demonstrated bit-rate reaches 1.68 Mb/s, with an efficiency of 4 bits per detected photon. The modeling proves that the system is not influenced by variations of the internal and external parameters, such as the aging of the components and changing temperature.