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Gravitational Wave Explanation of Quantum Mechanics

Friedwardt Winterberg

Published Dec 1, 2019• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A deterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics is given where the non-local hidden variables of Bell’s theorem are in reality Watt-less high-energy gravitational waves with an energy well above the Greisen-Zapetsin-Kuzmin (GZK) cosmic ray energy limit of 5 ⋅ 1010������. The gravitational waves are emitted by Schrodinger’s “Zitterbewegung” (quivering motion) from pole-dipole particles, where a large positive mass ��+ is gravitationally bound to a likewise large negative mass ��−, with a small excess in the positive mass equal to the positive gravitational binding energy of ��+ to ��−. Setting this mass equal to the mass of an electron, one obtains for the oscillating energy of the Zitterbewegung 3.31 ⋅ 1011������, well above the GZK limit. Support for this hypothesis are the rare cosmic ray events of about the same energy, coming from the Ursa Major constellation which have been detected by the Dugway Proving Ground Cosmic Ray Observatory in Utah

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The X rays Diffraction Experiment covers: theory, interaction of photons with the matter, sources of x rays, x rays tube, radioactivity, x rays detector, x rays diffraction process, crystals, miller indices and Bravais lattices, Bragg reflection on crystal, symmetry elements, point group of symmetry, fourteen bravais lattices, crystalline systems bravais, 32 crystalline punctual groups, stereogram of the 32 crystalline punctual groups, brillouin zone and the cubic system lattice, real space (direct lattices) and the reciprocal space (reciprocal lattices), the Laue experiment of x rays diffraction on crystal, experimental set up, scintillators and photomultipliers.Besides, it is researched the Electron Diffraction and the Diffraction and Interference for the electron by using the Fourier Approach and Wave Properties, Diffraction: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg by applying wave properties, Interference: Double Slit Experiment, The Copenhagen Interpretation, Pilot wave interpretation and why the electron doesn´t radiate energy as a particle.For other hand, Albert Einstein wrote in a research article: "Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?" (Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seimen Energienhalt abhängig?):"If a body emits energy E in the form of radiation, its mass decreases by E/c 2 ".The fact that the energy that leaves from the body is converted into radiation energy makes no difference, so the more general conclusion is reached that the mass of a body is a measure of the content of its energy...It is not impossible that with bodies whose content of energy is highly variable (for example radio salts) the theory can be successfully tested.If the theory corresponds to the fact, radiation conducts inertia between the bodies that emit and absorb it 1 ".This is true for any type of radiation emitted (gravitational or electromagnetic energy) which produces a decrease in the mass of the body.Respect to the gravitational energy emission, it is demonstrated by theory, experiment and result the discovery formula which describe exactly the variant mass of a particle which emits gravitational energy which was demonstrated by myself at the article: The Fundament of the Mass and Effects of the Gravitation on a Particle and Light in the mass, time, distance, velocity, frequency, wavelength: Variant Mass for a Particle which emits Gravitational Energy for a particle orbiting a large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star and Variant Frequency for the Light passing close a Gravitational Field from a Massive Object (Sun).The results of the mass formula are of great relevance for Gravitational Interactions.It is in accordance with the classic result for the emission of the total gravitational energy (bond total energy) for a particle orbiting a large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star.At the atom, the electron only radiates this energy when it jumps from one orbit to another orbit at the atom.It is in accordance with the experimental results from the spectral lines of the atom.The difference is that in a gravitational field the particle or a planet around the sun can take any position at the space and any radius.But, the electron at the atom only can take restricted positions which are explained by quantum mechanics, and the electrons don´t emit radiation when they orbit around the nucleus.At this article, it is demonstrated the development formula for the variant mass of the electron at the atom which describe exactly the variant mass of the electron (charged particle) at the atom which emits electromagnetic energy from one stationary level to other.The results of the formula are compared with the ionization energy emission for the electron at the atom and the bound energy for the diatomic molecules.The results are in agreement with high accuracy.Besides, Maxwell's theory shows that electromagnetic waves are radiated whenever charges accelerate as for example for the electrón.Then, this electromagnetic radiation (photons) produces a decrease in the mass of the electron which is given by the formula of the Variant Mass for an Accelerated Charged Particle which was demonstrated by me at this research.Therefore, an additional objective of this article is to demonstrate by theory, calculations and results the discovered formula which describe exactly the variant mass of an accelerated charged particle.This charged particle emits electromagnetic radiation which is called the Maxwell Radiation.Also, the article analyzes and establishes about the effects of the variant mass on the particle.In addition, the formula is tested with the electromagnetic radiation emitted for an electron when leaves from the atom.Finally, it is obtained the formula for the power energy emitted for an Accelerated Charged Particle.

Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences•Jan 1, 2021•1 citation
A deterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics is given where the non-local hidden variables of Bell’s theorem are in reality Watt-less high-energy gravitational waves with an energy well above the Greisen-Zapetsin-Kuzmin (GZK) cosmic ray energy limit of 5 ⋅ 1010������. The gravitational waves are emitted by Schrodinger’s “Zitterbewegung” (quivering motion) from pole-dipole particles, where a large positive mass ��+ is gravitationally bound to a likewise large negative mass ��−, with a small excess in the positive mass equal to the positive gravitational binding energy of ��+ to ��−. Setting this mass equal to the mass of an electron, one obtains for the oscillating energy of the Zitterbewegung 3.31 ⋅ 1011������, well above the GZK limit. Support for this hypothesis are the rare cosmic ray events of about the same energy, coming from the Ursa Major constellation which have been detected by the Dugway Proving Ground Cosmic Ray Observatory in Utah
Abstract An explanation of the quantum-mechanical particle-wave duality is given by the watt-less emission of gravitational waves from a particle described by the Dirac equation. This explanation is possible through the existence of negative energy, and hence negative mass solutions of Einstein’s gravitational field equations. They permit to understand the Dirac equation as the equation for a gravitationally bound positive–negative mass (pole–dipole particle) two-body configuration, with the mass of the Dirac particle equal to the positive mass of the gravitational field binding the positive with the negative mass particle, and with the mass particles making a luminal “Zitterbewegung” (quivering motion), emitting a watt-less oscillating positive–negative space curvature wave. It is shown that this thusly produced “Zitterbewegung” reproduces the quantum potential of the Madelung-transformed Schrödinger equation. The watt-less gravitational wave emitted by the quivering particles is conjectured to be de Broglie’s pilot wave. The hypothesised connection of the Dirac equation to gravitational wave physics could, with the failure to detect gravitational waves by the LIGO antennas and pulsar timing arrays, give a clue to extended theories of gravity, or a correction of astrophysical models for the generation of such waves.
Among the revolutionary predictions of Einstein’s theory of general relativity is the existence of gravitational waves, which are perturbations in the fabric of spacetime that travel at the speed of light. The first indirect evidence pointing to their existence came from the observation of the Hulse-Taylor pulsar in 1974[4]. More recently, gravitational wave observatories like the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo have been built with the purpose of detecting gravitational waves (GW) directly, providing not only further evidence in support of general relativity, but also a whole new way of viewing the cosmos. The strain produced by a passing gravitational wave (namely, the relative change in the length of the matter a gravitational wave passes through) is so small that the best sensitivity achieved by the detectors has not produced a positive detection as of today. With a clear understanding that there should be gravitational waves, scientists are working on improving the sensitivity of the detectors to increase the likelihood of a detection. One of the main sources of noise for the next generation gravitational wave detectors, such as advanced LIGO, is shot noise. Shot noise dominates the noise spectrum above a few hundred Hz. This noise is due to uncertainties in quantum statistics, according to the generalized uncertainty principle. There are two ways to reduce the shot noise. The first way is to increase the intensity of the
The geometry of the elementary quantum-mechanical wavefunction and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave consist of two plane waves that are perpendicular to the direction of propagation: their components only differ in magnitude and – more importantly – in their relative phase (0 and 90° respectively). The physical dimension of the electric field vector is force per unit charge (N/C). It is, therefore, tempting to associate the real and imaginary component of the wavefunction with a similar physical dimension: force per unit mass (N/kg). This is, of course, the dimension of the gravitational field, which reduces to the dimension of acceleration (1 N/kg = 1 m/s2). The results and implications are remarkably elegant and intuitive: - Schrodinger’s wave equation, for example, can now be interpreted as an energy diffusion equation, and the wavefunction itself can be interpreted as a propagating gravitational wave. - The energy conservation principle then gives us a physical normalization condition, as probabilities (P = |ψ|2) are then, effectively, proportional to energy densities (u). - We also get a more intuitive explanation of spin angular momentum, the boson-fermion dichotomy, and the Compton scattering radius for a particle. - Finally, this physical interpretation of the wavefunction may also give us some clues in regard to the mechanism of relativistic length contraction. The interpretation does not challenge the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics: interpreting probability amplitudes as traveling field disturbances does not explain why a particle hits a detector as a particle (not as a wave). As such, this interpretation respects the complementarity principle.
The existence of quantum correlations affects both microscopic and macroscopic systems. On macroscopic systems, they are difficult to observe and usually irrelevant for the system's evolution due to the frequent energy exchange with the environment. The world-wide network of gravitational-wave (GW) observatories exploits optical as well as mechanical systems that are highly macroscopic and largely decoupled from the environment. The quasi-monochromatic light fields in the kilometer-scale arm resonators have photon excitation numbers larger than 1019, and the mirrors that are quasi-free falling in propagation direction of the light fields have masses of around 40 kg. Recent observations on the GW observatories LIGO and Virgo clearly showed that the quantum uncertainty of one system affected the uncertainty of the other. Here, we review these observations and provide links to research goals targeted with mesoscopic optomechanical systems in other fields of fundamental physical research. These may have Gaussian quantum uncertainties as the ones in GW observatories or even non-Gaussian ones, such as Schrödinger cat states.
The X rays Diffraction Experiment covers: theory, interaction of photons with the matter, sources of x rays, x rays tube, radioactivity, x rays detector, x rays diffraction process, crystals, miller indices and Bravais lattices, Bragg reflection on crystal, symmetry elements, point group of symmetry, fourteen bravais lattices, crystalline systems bravais, 32 crystalline punctual groups, stereogram of the 32 crystalline punctual groups, brillouin zone and the cubic system lattice, real space (direct lattices) and the reciprocal space (reciprocal lattices), the Laue experiment of x rays diffraction on crystal, experimental set up, scintillators and photomultipliers.Besides, it is researched the Electron Diffraction and the Diffraction and Interference for the electron by using the Fourier Approach and Wave Properties, Diffraction: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg by applying wave properties, Interference: Double Slit Experiment, The Copenhagen Interpretation, Pilot wave interpretation and why the electron doesn´t radiate energy as a particle.For other hand, Albert Einstein wrote in a research article: "Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?" (Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seimen Energienhalt abhängig?):"If a body emits energy E in the form of radiation, its mass decreases by E/c 2 ".The fact that the energy that leaves from the body is converted into radiation energy makes no difference, so the more general conclusion is reached that the mass of a body is a measure of the content of its energy...It is not impossible that with bodies whose content of energy is highly variable (for example radio salts) the theory can be successfully tested.If the theory corresponds to the fact, radiation conducts inertia between the bodies that emit and absorb it 1 ".This is true for any type of radiation emitted (gravitational or electromagnetic energy) which produces a decrease in the mass of the body.Respect to the gravitational energy emission, it is demonstrated by theory, experiment and result the discovery formula which describe exactly the variant mass of a particle which emits gravitational energy which was demonstrated by myself at the article: The Fundament of the Mass and Effects of the Gravitation on a Particle and Light in the mass, time, distance, velocity, frequency, wavelength: Variant Mass for a Particle which emits Gravitational Energy for a particle orbiting a large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star and Variant Frequency for the Light passing close a Gravitational Field from a Massive Object (Sun).The results of the mass formula are of great relevance for Gravitational Interactions.It is in accordance with the classic result for the emission of the total gravitational energy (bond total energy) for a particle orbiting a large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star.At the atom, the electron only radiates this energy when it jumps from one orbit to another orbit at the atom.It is in accordance with the experimental results from the spectral lines of the atom.The difference is that in a gravitational field the particle or a planet around the sun can take any position at the space and any radius.But, the electron at the atom only can take restricted positions which are explained by quantum mechanics, and the electrons don´t emit radiation when they orbit around the nucleus.At this article, it is demonstrated the development formula for the variant mass of the electron at the atom which describe exactly the variant mass of the electron (charged particle) at the atom which emits electromagnetic energy from one stationary level to other.The results of the formula are compared with the ionization energy emission for the electron at the atom and the bound energy for the diatomic molecules.The results are in agreement with high accuracy.Besides, Maxwell's theory shows that electromagnetic waves are radiated whenever charges accelerate as for example for the electrón.Then, this electromagnetic radiation (photons) produces a decrease in the mass of the electron which is given by the formula of the Variant Mass for an Accelerated Charged Particle which was demonstrated by me at this research.Therefore, an additional objective of this article is to demonstrate by theory, calculations and results the discovered formula which describe exactly the variant mass of an accelerated charged particle.This charged particle emits electromagnetic radiation which is called the Maxwell Radiation.Also, the article analyzes and establishes about the effects of the variant mass on the particle.In addition, the formula is tested with the electromagnetic radiation emitted for an electron when leaves from the atom.Finally, it is obtained the formula for the power energy emitted for an Accelerated Charged Particle.