The temporal evolution of populations has been directly measured for a three-level ladder system undergoing coherent excitation by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). The measurement technique makes use of charge transfer as diagnostic. The method is model independent and has a temporal resolution of a few nanoseconds. The temporal evolution is measured for several values of the delay between the pump and Stokes laser pulses that are part of the STIRAP excitation scheme. The corresponding quantum Liouville equations are solved and the results of the calculations are compared with experiment.The temporal evolution of populations has been directly measured for a three-level ladder system undergoing coherent excitation by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). The measurement technique makes use of charge transfer as diagnostic. The method is model independent and has a temporal resolution of a few nanoseconds. The temporal evolution is measured for several values of the delay between the pump and Stokes laser pulses that are part of the STIRAP excitation scheme. The corresponding quantum Liouville equations are solved and the results of the calculations are compared with experiment.

Physical Review AJul 17, 200716 citations

Robust Population Transfer by Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage in a Pr3+:Y2SiO5 Crystal

Jens Klein, Fabian Beil, Thomas Halfmann

We report on the experimental implementation of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in a Pr3+:Y2SiO5 crystal. Our data provide clear and striking proof for nearly complete population inversion between hyperfine levels in the Pr3+ ions. The transfer efficiency was monitored by absorption spectroscopy. Time-resolved absorption measurements serve to monitor the adiabatic population dynamics during the STIRAP process. Efficient transfer is observed for negative pulse delays (STIRAP), as well as for positive delays. We identify the latter by an alternative adiabatic passage process.We report on the experimental implementation of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in a Pr3+:Y2SiO5 crystal. Our data provide clear and striking proof for nearly complete population inversion between hyperfine levels in the Pr3+ ions. The transfer efficiency was monitored by absorption spectroscopy. Time-resolved absorption measurements serve to monitor the adiabatic population dynamics during the STIRAP process. Efficient transfer is observed for negative pulse delays (STIRAP), as well as for positive delays. We identify the latter by an alternative adiabatic passage process.

Physical Review LettersSep 14, 2007112 citations

Optimal control of population transfer in multi-level systems by dynamical quantum geometric tensor

Guan-Qiang Li, Yu-Qi Zhang, Hao Guo +3 more

The optimal control of population transfer for multi-level systems is investigated from the perspective of quantum geometry. Firstly, the general theoretical framework of optimizing the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) scheme based on the dynamical quantum geometric tensor is given, and then the dynamical quantum geometric tensor and the nonadiabatic transition rate are calculated by taking the detuned $Λ$ -type three-level system and tripod-type four-level system for example. Secondly, the transfer dynamics of the particle population of the system are investigated in detail. For a three-level system, the optimal STIRAP scheme has an efficiency of over 98\% in transferring the population to the final state, while the transfer efficiency of traditional STIRAP is about 72\%. The superposition states with arbitrary proportions can be efficiently prepared for a four-level system due to the decoupling of the degenerate dark states. Finally, the influences of system parameters, such as the operation time of the Rabi pulses, the amplitude fluctuation and the single-photon detuning, on the transfer process are discussed. Especially, the phenomenon of the adiabatic resonance transfer is revealed. Choosing the pulse parameters in the resonance window can reduce the infidelity of the population transfer to below $10^{-3}$ . It is found that the optimal STIRAP scheme by the dynamical quantum geometric tensor provides faster and more efficient transfer than the traditional STIRAP scheme.The optimal control of population transfer for multi-level systems is investigated from the perspective of quantum geometry. Firstly, the general theoretical framework of optimizing the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) scheme based on the dynamical quantum geometric tensor is given, and then the dynamical quantum geometric tensor and the nonadiabatic transition rate are calculated by taking the detuned $Λ$-type three-level system and tripod-type four-level system for example. Secondly, the transfer dynamics of the particle population of the system are investigated in detail. For a three-level system, the optimal STIRAP scheme has an efficiency of over 98\% in transferring the population to the final state, while the transfer efficiency of traditional STIRAP is about 72\%. The superposition states with arbitrary proportions can be efficiently prepared for a four-level system due to the decoupling of the degenerate dark states. Finally, the influences of system parameters, such as the operation time of the Rabi pulses, the amplitude fluctuation and the single-photon detuning, on the transfer process are discussed. Especially, the phenomenon of the adiabatic resonance transfer is revealed. Choosing the pulse parameters in the resonance window can reduce the infidelity of the population transfer to below $10^{-3}$. It is found that the optimal STIRAP scheme by the dynamical quantum geometric tensor provides faster and more efficient transfer than the traditional STIRAP scheme.

quant-pharXiv:2512.20131Acta Physica SinicaDec 24, 20250 citations

Planned Efficiency Measurements of STIRAP

В.А. Захаров, Casey McKenna, Deqian Yuan +2 more

Bulletin of the American Physical SocietyJun 10, 20150 citations

Population Dynamics in Large Domains

Fabio Bagarello, Francesco Gargano, Francesco Oliveri

Synthesis lectures on mathematics and statisticsJan 1, 20230 citations

Λ

-type three-level system and tripod-type four-level system for example. Secondly, the transfer dynamics of the particle population of the system are investigated in detail. For a three-level system, the optimal STIRAP scheme has an efficiency of over 98\% in transferring the population to the final state, while the transfer efficiency of traditional STIRAP is about 72\%. The superposition states with arbitrary proportions can be efficiently prepared for a four-level system due to the decoupling of the degenerate dark states. Finally, the influences of system parameters, such as the operation time of the Rabi pulses, the amplitude fluctuation and the single-photon detuning, on the transfer process are discussed. Especially, the phenomenon of the adiabatic resonance transfer is revealed. Choosing the pulse parameters in the resonance window can reduce the infidelity of the population transfer to below

10^{-3}

. It is found that the optimal STIRAP scheme by the dynamical quantum geometric tensor provides faster and more efficient transfer than the traditional STIRAP scheme.