Enhancement in Wireless sensing technology had widened its application scope and deployment possibilities. Since 2004, Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) became one of the top interesting topics for the researchers due to its advantages and futuristic aspects. After the emergence of the Internet of Things(IoT), WSN became an integral part of IoT. IoT is the technology which aims to provide any service to anyone at any time with the improved quality of service. IoT invites many entities to communicate in its large scale application and allow entities to share collected information in either wired or wireless manner. After studying most of the literature, we found out that most communication in IoT scenario occurred over public channel rather than secured channels and this aspect approached many researchers to focus on the security part of IoT communication. Billions of devices/humans do the communication with each other as well as provide the critical data to each other on public channels so it becomes important for the communicating parties to validate each other as well as generate a communication secret for sharing a secret or critical information. Since 2009, many authors had focused on Remote User Authentication(RUA) for Wireless Sensor Network. In this paper, we have reviewed the RUA scheme provided by Chen et al. [1] and listed out some shortcoming of their scheme. Authors have made use of famous light weight and secured cryptographic approach called as Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC) for their protocol design but due to adversary capabilities, we have found their there scheme is not secured against node capturing attack and gateway node bypassing attack. We have also discussed the network model followed by authors in their paper which may help other researchers to study and apply in their RUA protocol design. This activity would help other protocol designers to improve their approaches in the field of RUA protocol designing for IoT environment.
Enhancement in Wireless sensing technology had widened its application scope and deployment possibilities. Since 2004, Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) became one of the top interesting topics for the researchers due to its advantages and futuristic aspects. After the emergence of the Internet of Things(IoT), WSN became an integral part of IoT. IoT is the technology which aims to provide any service to anyone at any time with the improved quality of service. IoT invites many entities to communicate in its large scale application and allow entities to share collected information in either wired or wireless manner. After studying most of the literature, we found out that most communication in IoT scenario occurred over public channel rather than secured channels and this aspect approached many researchers to focus on the security part of IoT communication. Billions of devices/humans do the communication with each other as well as provide the critical data to each other on public channels so it becomes important for the communicating parties to validate each other as well as generate a communication secret for sharing a secret or critical information. Since 2009, many authors had focused on Remote User Authentication(RUA) for Wireless Sensor Network. In this paper, we have reviewed the RUA scheme provided by Chen et al. [1] and listed out some shortcoming of their scheme. Authors have made use of famous light weight and secured cryptographic approach called as Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC) for their protocol design but due to adversary capabilities, we have found their there scheme is not secured against node capturing attack and gateway node bypassing attack. We have also discussed the network model followed by authors in their paper which may help other researchers to study and apply in their RUA protocol design. This activity would help other protocol designers to improve their approaches in the field of RUA protocol designing for IoT environment.
The rapid proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has connected billions of devices that continuously exchange sensitive data over public wireless channels, making secure authentication a critical requirement. However, most IoT end devices are severely resource-constrained, which renders conventional public-key infrastructures based on RSA, bilinear pairings, or digital certificates impractical. Although many authentication and key agreement schemes have been proposed, recent cryptanalytic studies show that they often either omit essential security properties such as perfect forward secrecy or resistance to ephemeral secret leakage or incur overhead that is unacceptable for low-power nodes. To address this gap, this paper proposes a lightweight Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)-based authentication and key agreement protocol for a three-tier IoT architecture consisting of a user, a semi-trusted gateway server, and an IoT sensor. The protocol relies solely on elliptic-curve scalar multiplication, one-way hash functions, and bitwise XOR operations, avoiding bilinear pairings and certificate management. It achieves mutual authentication among all three parties through timestamped, hash-based authenticators and establishes a contributory session-key derived from fresh ephemeral keys, ensuring perfect forward secrecy. The security of the protocol is established through a detailed informal analysis, demonstrating resistance to major attacks, and is formally verified using the AVISPA tool, where both the OFMC and CL-AtSe back-ends report the protocol as SAFE under the Dolev–Yao adversary model. A comparative performance evaluation against several recent ECC-based authentication schemes shows that the proposed protocol maintains low cost requirements suitable for constrained IoT devices, and resulting in a communication overhead of 1828 bits, which is competitive with most recent ECC-based schemes evaluated, and imposing a minimal storage burden on end devices. The results demonstrate that the proposed protocol achieves a favorable balance between security and efficiency, making it well suited to resource-constrained IoT environments.
The emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) is turning common conceptions of the current Internet into a dream of smart objects that communicate with each other. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play an important role in such an environment, since they include a wide range of applications. Researchers are already working on how WSN can be effectively integrated into the IoT environment. One part of the integration is the security aspect. In recent years, Farash et al. proposed an efficient user authentication and key agreement scheme for Heterogeneous WSN (HWSN) tailored for the IoT environment. Although their scheme is efficient, we found that this scheme is vulnerable to several cryptographic attacks. This paper first demonstrates all security weaknesses of the Farash et al.'s scheme and then proposes a secure and improved mutual authentication and key agreement scheme.
To improve the quality of service and reduce the possibility of security attacks, a secure and efficient user authentication mechanism is required for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Session key establishment between the sensor node and the user is also required for secure communication. In this paper, we perform the security analysis of A.K.Das’s user authentication scheme (given in 2015), Choi et al.’s scheme (given in 2016), and Park et al.’s scheme (given in 2016). The security analysis shows that their schemes are vulnerable to various attacks like user impersonation attack, sensor node impersonation attack and attacks based on legitimate users. Based on the cryptanalysis of these existing protocols, we propose a secure and efficient authenticated session key establishment protocol which ensures various security features and overcomes the drawbacks of existing protocols. The formal and informal security analysis indicates that the proposed protocol withstands the various security vulnerabilities involved in WSNs. The automated validation using AVISPA and Scyther tool ensures the absence of security attacks in our scheme. The logical verification using the Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic confirms the correctness of the proposed protocol. Finally, the comparative analysis based on computational overhead and security features of other existing protocol indicate that the proposed user authentication system is secure and efficient. In future, we intend to implement the proposed protocol in real-world applications of WSNs and IoT.
In the Internet of Things (IoT), numerous devices can interact with each other over the Internet. A wide range of IoT applications have already been deployed, such as transportation systems, healthcare systems, smart buildings, smart factories, and smart cities. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play crucial roles in these IoT applications. Researchers have published effective (but not entirely secure) approaches for merging WSNs into IoT environments. In IoT environments, the security effectiveness of remote user authentication is crucial for information transmission. Computational efficiency and energy consumption are crucial because the energy available to any WSN is limited. This paper proposes a notably efficient and secure authentication scheme based on temporal credential and dynamic ID for WSNs in IoT environments. The Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic method was used to validate our scheme. Cryptanalysis revealed that our scheme can overcome the security weaknesses of previously published schemes. The security functionalities and performance efficiency of our scheme are compared with those of previous related schemes. The result demonstrates that our scheme's security functionalities are quantitatively and qualitatively superior to those of comparable schemes. Our scheme can improve the effectiveness of authentication in IoT environments. Notably, our scheme has superior performance efficiency, low computational cost, frugal energy consumption, and low communication cost.
In the Internet of Things (IoT) environment, more types of devices than ever before are connected to the internet to provide IoT services. Smart devices are becoming more intelligent and improving performance, but there are devices with little computing power and low storage capacity. Devices with limited resources will have difficulty applying existing public key cryptography systems to provide security. Therefore, communication protocols for various kinds of participating devices should be applicable in the IoT environment, and these protocols should be lightened for resources-restricted devices. Security is an essential element in the IoT environment, so for secure communication, it is necessary to perform authentication between the communication objects and to generate the session key. In this paper, we propose two kinds of lightweight authentication and key agreement schemes to enable fast and secure authentication among the objects participating in the IoT environment. The first scheme is an authentication and key agreement scheme with limited resource devices that can use the elliptic curve Qu-Vanstone (ECQV) implicit certificate to quickly agree on the session key. The second scheme is also an authentication and key agreement scheme that can be used more securely, but slower than first scheme using certificateless public key cryptography (CL-PKC). In addition, we compare and analyze existing schemes and propose new schemes to improve security requirements that were not satisfactory.
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a dynamic infrastructure, leveraging sensing and network communication technology to establish ubiquitous connectivity among people, machines, and objects. Due to its end devices’ limited computing resources and storage space, it is not feasible to merely transpose traditional internet security technologies directly to IoT endpoints. Maintaining security while concurrently ensuring performance is a particularly challenging endeavor. This paper provides a review of key agreements and authentication protocols pivotal to the security of IoT. First, this survey discusses the applications that need authentication and key agreement to strengthen their security and current research on these application fields. Subsequently, this paper engages in an in-depth exploration of the phase involved in the scheme of authentication and key agreement, including an examination of the cryptographic techniques employed within these processes. This survey also thoroughly studies the scheme’s security services, potential attacks, formal analysis and informal analysis to ensure resilience against such threats. This study aims to provide a profound understanding of the recent research on authentication and key agreement in IoT applications. It strives to contribute towards strengthening security systems for IoT applications, ensuring their sustainability in the face of evolving threats.