The forthcoming of the Internet of Things has opened the gates for numerous applications in several domains. Unfortunately, it also has brought along with it several security challenges. IoT devices, being compact in size has several constraints. Therefore, it becomes a challenging task to define security protocols suitable for such constrained devices. Also, the significant strides made towards the development of Quantum computers pose a huge threat to traditionally used cryptosystems. It is known that a sufficiently large Quantum Computer running Shor’s Algorithm can solve the integer factorization problem and the discrete logarithm problem. Thus, in our research, we provide an authentication protocol that utilizes Gate Way Node for high-end processing and suggest the usage of NTRU cryptosystem as the cipher suite. We suggest our authentication protocol in terms of cloud computing, as the number of IoT devices would be immense and cloud computing is better suited for processing and storing such large volumes of data. We also suggest the use of One Time Password, for adding another layer of security on top of the public key cryptosystem. We analyze our authentication protocol and find that it is safe.
The forthcoming of the Internet of Things has opened the gates for numerous applications in several domains. Unfortunately, it also has brought along with it several security challenges. IoT devices, being compact in size has several constraints. Therefore, it becomes a challenging task to define security protocols suitable for such constrained devices. Also, the significant strides made towards the development of Quantum computers pose a huge threat to traditionally used cryptosystems. It is known that a sufficiently large Quantum Computer running Shor’s Algorithm can solve the integer factorization problem and the discrete logarithm problem. Thus, in our research, we provide an authentication protocol that utilizes Gate Way Node for high-end processing and suggest the usage of NTRU cryptosystem as the cipher suite. We suggest our authentication protocol in terms of cloud computing, as the number of IoT devices would be immense and cloud computing is better suited for processing and storing such large volumes of data. We also suggest the use of One Time Password, for adding another layer of security on top of the public key cryptosystem. We analyze our authentication protocol and find that it is safe.
Edge computing allows different technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), vehicle-to-vehicle communications(V V), Industrial IOT (IIOT) to connect to the cloud computing to facilitate end users. The edge networks uses low bandwidth, and enhances the processing speed. With more number of IoT devices connected in the network the privacy of data stored at the edge server also under threat. Authentication is a major challenge which is be addressed to provide security and privacy to IoT devices connected in the network. The existing works uses cryptographic algorithms to solve the authentication problems, but with increase in growth of quantum computers and quantum computing, breaking the complex cryptographic algorithm is not an issue. Hence one should adopt the quantum approach to provide authentication in edge network. The proposed work uses quantum key and context information of IoT devices to store in the edge server using blockchain, which proves to be more secure. The performance analysis shows that it is better with respect to registration, encryption, decryption and authentication of IoT devices.
As the healthcare sector transitions to the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), it promises significant improvements in productivity by streamlining processes, reducing administrative burdens, and automating routine tasks. However, the current authentication methods are vulnerable due to reliance on simple passwords and a lack of additional protective layers, posing a heightened risk of data breaches. Given the significant value of medical data, security measures for medical devices remain inadequate, especially in safeguarding user and device identities against future quantum computing threats. This paper proposes an enhanced authentication protocol aimed at ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of medical data. The protocol validates user and device identities while incorporating post-quantum cryptography to address upcoming challenges posed by quantum technology.
The rapid development of Internet of things (IoT) technology has made the IoT applicable in many areas of life and has contributed to the IoT’s improvement. IoT devices are equipped with various sensors that enable them to perform the tasks they were designed for. The use of such devices is associated with securing communication between devices and users. The key stages of communication are the processes of authentication and the process of agreeing on session keys because they are the basis of the subsequent communication phases. The specially designed security protocols are used to secure communication. These protocols define the course of communication and cryptographic techniques employed for securing. In this article, we have reviewed the latest communication protocols designed to secure authentication processes and agree on session keys in IoT environments. We analyzed the proposed protocols’ security level, vulnerability, and computational and communication costs. We showed our observations, describing the requirements that a secure protocol should meet.
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has revolutionized digital communication, yet it simultaneously poses unprecedented security challenges due to constrained device capabilities and increasing cyber threats. Conventional cryptographic techniques, while currently effective, are vulnerable to emerging quantum computing technologies that threaten to render classical encryption obsolete. This paper explores the integration of quantum-safe cryptographic techniques within IoT networks to ensure long-term confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. It examines post-quantum cryptographic primitives, including lattice-based, hash-based, multivariate, and code-based schemes, and evaluates their suitability for resource-constrained IoT environments. The study focuses on lightweight implementation strategies, balancing computational efficiency with robust security requirements. Simulation analyses demonstrate that properly optimized quantum safe protocols can provide resilient encryption, key exchange, and digital signature functionalities without overwhelming device resources. Furthermore, the integration of these techniques with IoT communication standards and secure network protocols ensures end-to-end protection across heterogeneous networks. Challenges such as latency, energy consumption, and scalability are addressed, highlighting the necessity of tailored cryptographic solutions for diverse IoT applications. The findings confirm that quantum safe cryptography is essential for future-proofing IoT networks, offering sustainable security measures that remain resilient against both classical and quantum adversaries, thereby supporting the continued expansion of secure and intelligent interconnected systems.
The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems has introduced significant security challenges due to resource-constrained devices, heterogeneous network architectures, and largescale connectivity. Traditional authentication and key exchange mechanisms, primarily based on classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, are vulnerable to future quantum computing attacks. The emergence of quantum algorithms, particularly Shor’s algorithm, threatens the long-term confidentiality and integrity of IoT communications. This paper proposes a Quantum-Resistant Authentication and Key Exchange Protocol specifically designed for secure IoT architectures. The proposed framework integrates post-quantum cryptographic primitives, including lattice-based key exchange mechanisms and hash-based authentication schemes, optimized for low computational overhead suitable for constrained IoT devices. The protocol ensures mutual authentication, forward secrecy, and resistance against quantum adversaries while maintaining minimal communication latency. Security analysis demonstrates robustness against replay, man-in-the-middle, and key-compromise attacks. Performance evaluation shows that the proposed solution achieves a balance between quantum security strength and resource efficiency, making it suitable for next-generation IoT deployments in smart cities, healthcare systems, and industrial automation.
Although there has been a substantial boost in automation due to the rapid growth of IoT devices, there has also been an increase in cyberattack vulnerability. Existing quantum-proof methods are inadequate for IoT devices with limited resources, and traditional cryptographic algorithms lack quantum safety. In response, we propose a lightweight, quantum-safe authentication system that utilizes Quantum-PUF to ensure secure communication, employing Xor Encryption and one-way hash functions without storing keys in non-volatile memory. We conduct formal verification using Scyther and implement it on NodeMCU, demonstrating the efficiency of our protocol and its suitability for Industrial Internet of Things applications.