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Chinese Physics B

Quantum-classical correspondence and mechanical analysis of a classical-quantum chaotic system*

Haiyun Bi, Guoyuan Qi, Jianbing Hu, Qiliang Wu

Published Dec 16, 2019• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum-classical correspondence is affirmed via performing Wigner function and a classical-quantum chaotic system containing random variables. The classical-quantum system is transformed into a Kolmogorov model for force and energy analysis. Combining different forces, the system is divided into two categories: conservative and non-conservative, revealing the mechanical characteristic of the classical-quantum system. The Casimir power, an analysis tool, is employed to find the key factors governing the orbital trajectory and the energy cycle of the system. Detailed analyses using the Casimir power and an energy transformation uncover the causes of the different dynamic behaviors, especially chaos. For the corresponding classical Hamiltonian system when Planck’s constant ħ → 0, the supremum bound of the system is derived analytically. Difference between the classical-quantum system and the classical Hamiltonian system is displayed through trajectories and energies. Quantum-classical correspondences are further demonstrated by comparing phase portrait, kinetic, potential and Casimir energies of the two systems.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ab6205

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•Jan 1, 2001•1 citation
Quantum-classical correspondence is affirmed via performing Wigner function and a classical-quantum chaotic system containing random variables. The classical-quantum system is transformed into a Kolmogorov model for force and energy analysis. Combining different forces, the system is divided into two categories: conservative and non-conservative, revealing the mechanical characteristic of the classical-quantum system. The Casimir power, an analysis tool, is employed to find the key factors governing the orbital trajectory and the energy cycle of the system. Detailed analyses using the Casimir power and an energy transformation uncover the causes of the different dynamic behaviors, especially chaos. For the corresponding classical Hamiltonian system when Planck’s constant ħ → 0, the supremum bound of the system is derived analytically. Difference between the classical-quantum system and the classical Hamiltonian system is displayed through trajectories and energies. Quantum-classical correspondences are further demonstrated by comparing phase portrait, kinetic, potential and Casimir energies of the two systems.
The quantum dynamics of a classically chaotic model are studied in the approach to the macroscopic limit. The quantum predictions are compared and contrasted with the classical predictions of both Newtonian and Liouville mechanics. The time-domain scaling of the optimal quantum-classical correspondence is analyzed in detail in the case of both classical theories. In both cases the correspondence for observable quantities is shown to break down on a time-scale that increases very slowly (logarithmically) with increasing system size. In the case of quantum-Liouville correspondence such a short time-scale does not imply a breakdown of correspondence since the largest quantum-Liouville differences reached on this time-scale decrease rapidly (as an inverse power) with increasing system size. Therefore the statistical properties of chaotic dynamics are, as expected, well described by quantum theory in the macroscopic limit. In contrast, the largest quantum-Newtonian differences reached on the log time-scale actually increase in proportion to the system size. Since the invariance properties of the Hamiltonian impose functional constraints on the time-varying chaotic coordinates, it is possible to show, moreover, that if the quantum predictions are believed to describe the coordinates of individual chaotic systems, then they also predict macroscopic violations of any kinematic or dynamic constants of the motion. These results for chaotic systems indicate that a valid description of the time-varying properties of individual macroscopic bodies is not available within the standard interpretive framework of quantum theory.
In this work, we investigate the semiclassical limit of a simple bosonic quantum many-body system exhibiting both integrable and chaotic behavior. A classical Hamiltonian is derived using coherent states. The transition from regularity to chaos in classical dynamics is visualized through Poincar\'e sections. Classical trajectories in phase space closely resemble the projections of the Husimi functions of eigenstates with similar energy, even in chaotic cases. It is demonstrated that this correlation is more evident when projecting the eigenstates onto the Fock states. The analysis is carried out at a critical energy where the eigenstates are maximally delocalized in the Fock basis. Despite the imperfect delocalization, its influence is present in the classical and quantum properties under investigation. The study systematically establishes quantum-classical correspondence for a bosonic many-body system with more than two wells, even within the chaotic region.
An extension of the concept of Kolmogorov entropy to quantum mechanical systems is given. Using the Kolmogorov entropy as a common basis for discussion, the onset of chaotic motion in classical mechanical and quantum mechanical systems is compared. It is found that if the spectrum of the system is discrete, the Kolmogorov entropy is zero, and therefore that a bounded quantum mechanical system cannot have chaotic motion like that observed for a corresponding classical mechanical system. This analysis leads to the prediction that if the distributions of states are similar for two bounded systems which in the classical limit have, respectively, quasiperiodic and chaotic motion, wave packets for the two systems decay at similar rates as found by Brumer and Shapiro. The relationship between the defined Kolmogorov entropy, previous interpretations of ’’KAMlike’’ onset of chaos in quantum mechanical systems, and the role played by preparation and observation of a system in influencing the intramolecular dynamics, are discussed.
We study the quantum-classical correspondence for systems with interacting spin particles that are strongly chaotic in the classical limit. This is done in the presence of constants of motion associated with the fixed angular momenta of individual spins. Our analysis of the Lyapunov spectra reveals that the largest Lyapunov exponent agrees with the Lyapunov exponent that determines the local instability of each individual spin moving under the influence of all other spins. Within this picture, we introduce a rigorous and simple test of ergodicity for the spin motion, and use it to identify when classical chaos is both strong and global in phase space. In the quantum domain, our analysis of the Hamiltonian matrix in a proper representation allows us to obtain the conditions for the onset of quantum chaos as a function of the model parameters. From the comparison between the quantum and classical domains, we demonstrate that quantum quantities, such as the local density of states (LDoS) and the shape of the chaotic eigenfunctions written in the noninteracting many-body basis, have well-defined classical counterparts. We also find a relationship between the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy and the width of the LDoS, which is useful for studies of many-body dynamics.
Two approaches to quantum-classical correspondence are distinguished according to the classical dynamical theory with which quantum theory is compared. The first of these, Ehrenfest correspondence, defines a dynamical regime in which the quantum expectation values follow approximately a classical trajectory. The second of these, Liouville correspondence, applies when the quantum probability distributions remain well approximated by a density in the classical phase space. The former applies only for narrow states, whereas the latter may remain valid even for quantum states that have spread to the system size. A spin model is adopted for this correspondence study because the quantum state is discrete and finite- dimensional, and thus no artificial truncation of the Hilbert space is required. The quantum time-evolution is given by a discrete unitary mapping. The corresponding classical model is volume-preserving (non-dissipative) and the time-evolution is given by a symplectic map. In classically chaotic regimes, the widths of initially narrow quantum states grow, on average, exponentially with time, until saturation at the system size. This initial spreading rate is well approximated by the classical Lyapunov exponent when the accessible classical phase space is predominantly chaotic. Because of the exponential growth rate of the quantum variance, the Ehrenfest regime is delimited by a break-time that grows logarithmically with increasing quantum numbers. The small differences between quantum expectation values and corresponding Liouville averages of dynamical variables also grow exponentially, initially, if the classical behaviour is chaotic. This exponential rate is independent of h and consistently larger than the classical Lyapunov exponent by at least a factor of two. Interestingly, this exponential growth rate does not continue until these differences approach magnitudes of order the system size, but crosses over to power-law growth (or simply saturates), when the differences have reached magnitudes no larger than order ħ. Because of the exponential growth of these quantum-classical differences, the Liouville regime is also delimited by a break-time that grows logarithmically with increasing quantum numbers. However, due to the early saturation of the exponential growth of the differences, the Liouville log break-time applies only in a restricted domain. After spreading to the system size, the quantum states relax to an approximately time-independent state. This is characterised by equilibrium distributions that are subject to rapidly oscillating fluctuations about the coarse-grained classical steady-state. If the accessible classical phase space is predominantly chaotic, then the equilibrium quantum probability distributions are nearly microcanonical. Otherwise the steady-state quantum probability distributions accurately reflect the details of the KAM surfaces in the classical phase space. The equilibrium regime quantum fluctuations, which are quantum-classical differences, are shown to approach zero as a negative power of the quantum numbers. Since the differences between quantum expectation values and individual classical trajectories grow exponentially in time to a magnitude that scales with the system size, the Ehrenfest regime is delimited by an unrestricted log break-time. The log break-time may be short compared to experimental time-scales for some chaotic macroscopic bodies, and, as a result, an observable breakdown of Ehrenfest correspondence may arise for some macroscopic systems. Although the Liouville regime is also delimited by a log break-time, an observable breakdown of correspondence between quantum mechanics and Liouville mechanics for macroscopic bodies is not likely since their differences, expressed relative to the dimensions of the observable, approach zero in the limit of large quantum numbers.