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Fermi Surfaces in General Codimension and a New Controlled Nontrivial Fixed Point

R. Shankar, T. Senthil

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations
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Abstract

The energy of a d-dimensional Fermi system typically varies only along d[subscript c]=1 (“radial”) dimensions. We consider d[subscript c]=1+ε and study a transition to superconductivity in an ε expansion. The nontrivial fixed point describes a scale invariant theory with an effective space-time dimension D=d[subscript c]+1. Remarkably, the results can be reproduced by the Hertz-Millis action for the superconducting order parameter in higher effective space-time dimensions. We consider possible realizations of the transition at ε=1, which corresponds to a linear Fermi surface in d=3.

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The energy of a d-dimensional Fermi system typically varies only along d[subscript c]=1 (“radial”) dimensions. We consider d[subscript c]=1+ε and study a transition to superconductivity in an ε expansion. The nontrivial fixed point describes a scale invariant theory with an effective space-time dimension D=d[subscript c]+1. Remarkably, the results can be reproduced by the Hertz-Millis action for the superconducting order parameter in higher effective space-time dimensions. We consider possible realizations of the transition at ε=1, which corresponds to a linear Fermi surface in d=3.
The energy of a d-dimensional Fermi system typically varies only along d(c)=1 ("radial") dimensions. We consider d(c)=1+epsilon and study a transition to superconductivity in an epsilon expansion. The nontrivial fixed point describes a scale invariant theory with an effective space-time dimension D=d(c)+1. Remarkably, the results can be reproduced by the Hertz-Millis action for the superconducting order parameter in higher effective space-time dimensions. We consider possible realizations of the transition at epsilon=1, which corresponds to a linear Fermi surface in d=3.
We use bosonization to derive the effective field theory that properly describes ferromagnetic transition in one-dimensional itinerant electron systems. The resultant theory is shown to have dynamical exponent z = 2 at tree level and upper critical dimension dc = 2. Thus one dimension is below the upper critical dimension of the theory, and the critical behavior of the transition is controlled by an interacting fixed point, which we study via epsilon expansion. Comparisons will be made with the Hertz-Millis theory, which describes the ferromagnetic transition in higher dimensions.
We use renormalization group (RG) analysis and dimensional regularization techniques to study potential superconductivity-inducing four-fermion interactions in systems with critical Fermi surfaces of general dimensions (m)(m)(m) and codimensions $(d\ensuremath{-}m)$, arising as a result of quasiparticle interaction with a gapless Ising-nematic order parameter. These are examples of non-Fermi liquid states in ddd spatial dimensions. Our formalism allows us to treat the corresponding zero-temperature low-energy effective theory in a controlled approximation close to the upper critical dimension d=dc(m)d={d}_{c}(m)d=dc​(m). The fixed points are identified from the RG flow equations, as functions of ddd and mmm. We find that the flow toward the non-Fermi liquid fixed point is preempted by Cooper pair formation for both the physical cases of (d=3,m=2)(d=3,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}m=2)(d=3,m=2) and (d=2,m=1)(d=2,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}m=1)(d=2,m=1). In fact, there is a strong enhancement of superconductivity by the order parameter fluctuations at the quantum critical point.
In metals, low-energy effective theories are characterized by a set of coupling functions. Among them, the angle-dependent Fermi momentum specifies the size and shape of Fermi surface. Since the Fermi momentum grows incessantly under the renormalization group flow, a metallic fixed point is defined only modulo a rescaling of Fermi momentum. In this paper, we discuss the physical consequences of this projective nature of fixed points for non-Fermi liquids with hot Fermi surfaces. The first is the absence of a unique dynamical critical exponent that dictates the relative scaling between energy and momentum. The second is mismatches between the scaling dimensions of couplings and their relevancy. Nonetheless, each projective fixed point is characterized by a few marginal and relevant coupling functions, and the notion of universality survives. We illustrate our findings by charting the space of projective fixed points and extracting their universal properties for the Ising-nematic quantum critical metal beyond the patch theory. To control the theory, we use the dimensional regularization scheme that tunes the co-dimension of Fermi surface. Near the upper critical dimension, two exactly marginal coupling functions span the space of stable projective fixed points: functions that specify the shape of the Fermi surface and the angle-dependent Fermi velocity. All other coupling functions, including the Landau functions and the universal pairing interaction, are fixed by those two marginal functions. With decreasing dimensions, the forward scattering remains irrelevant while the pairing interaction becomes relevant near two dimensions. In two dimensions, it is expected that the universal superconducting fluctuations lower the symmetry of the non-Fermi liquid realized above the superconducting transition temperatures from the loop U(1) group to a proper subgroup.
We study the quantum theory of a Fermi surface coupled to a gapless boson scalar in $D=4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ space-time dimensions as a simple model for non-Fermi liquids (NFL) near a quantum phase transition. Our analysis takes into account the full backreaction from Landau damping of the boson, and obtains an RG flow that proceeds through three distinct stages. Above the scale of Landau damping, the Fermi velocity flows to zero, while the coupling evolves according to its classical dimension. Once damping becomes important, its backreaction leads to a crossover regime where dynamic and static damping effects compete and the fermion self-energy does not respect scaling. Below this crossover and having tuned the boson to criticality, the theory flows to a z=3z=3z=3 scalar interacting with an NFL. We finally analyze the IR phases of the theory with arbitrary number of flavors Nc{N}_{c}Nc​. When Nc{N}_{c}Nc​ is small, the superconducting dome covers the NFL behavior; strikingly, for moderately large Nc{N}_{c}Nc​, we find that NFL effects become important first, before the onset of superconductivity. A generic prediction of the theory is that the Fermi velocity and quasiparticle residue vanish with a power law ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ as the fixed point is approached. These features may be useful for understanding some of the phenomenology of high-Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ materials in a systematic $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion.
We devise a dimensional regularization scheme for quantum field theories with a Fermi surface to study scaling behavior of non-Fermi liquid states in a controlled approximation. Starting from two space dimensions, the co-dimension of the Fermi surface is extended to a general value while its dimension is fixed. When the Fermi surface is coupled with a critical boson centered at zero momentum, the interaction becomes marginal at a critical space dimension dc=5/2{d}_{c}=5/2dc​=5/2. A deviation from the critical dimension is used as a small parameter for a systematic expansion. We apply this method to the theory where two patches of the Fermi surface are coupled with a critical boson, and show that the Ising-nematic critical point is described by a stable non-Fermi liquid state slightly below the critical dimension. Critical exponents are computed up to the two-loop order.