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International journal of advance research, ideas and innovations in technology

OFDM Based Key Generation Technique

Sandeep kamble, Kailash T. Jadhao

Published Mar 10, 2017• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

With enhancement in wireless technology, security has become an important part in designing of network. Network security is an important aspect of system administration. We are living in a world where there is access to information anywhere, anytime, be it voice, multimedia or data analytics. This information should be provided to the user with the highest possible security. Thus the information exchanged for communication should be highly secured, authentic and only accessible to the authorised user. Recent research has shown that, this security can be provided through RSS (Received Signal Strength) based key generation techniques for authentication of user. But RSS based key generation technique has a drawback that the key generation rate is very low. Also RSS based technique is highly applicable for mobile devices. In M2M Communication the devices can be static or mobile based. So we explore a technic which is based on Key generation through CSI (Channel State Information) of a channel. Key generation using CSI information can be efficient in the terms of providing security as they can generate quiet a long key as compared to RSS based technique. We deploy an algorithm as a solution to key generation without using additional hardware for key generation and verify that the malicious user is not able to decode the key sighting to the randomness obtained to our algorithm. The major portion of the algorithm concentrates on making the key random so that the attacker is not able to decode the key within a time span which is vulnerable to the communication. When an attacker tries to use the same algorithm and try to sabotage the communication, due to the property of CSI information of OFDM channel, the generated key will be different. Thus it will not match with the secret key used for actual communication. Hence the user will not be able to hijack the communication.

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With enhancement in wireless technology, security has become an important part in designing of network. Network security is an important aspect of system administration. We are living in a world where there is access to information anywhere, anytime, be it voice, multimedia or data analytics. This information should be provided to the user with the highest possible security. Thus the information exchanged for communication should be highly secured, authentic and only accessible to the authorised user. Recent research has shown that, this security can be provided through RSS (Received Signal Strength) based key generation techniques for authentication of user. But RSS based key generation technique has a drawback that the key generation rate is very low. Also RSS based technique is highly applicable for mobile devices. In M2M Communication the devices can be static or mobile based. So we explore a technic which is based on Key generation through CSI (Channel State Information) of a channel. Key generation using CSI information can be efficient in the terms of providing security as they can generate quiet a long key as compared to RSS based technique. We deploy an algorithm as a solution to key generation without using additional hardware for key generation and verify that the malicious user is not able to decode the key sighting to the randomness obtained to our algorithm. The major portion of the algorithm concentrates on making the key random so that the attacker is not able to decode the key within a time span which is vulnerable to the communication. When an attacker tries to use the same algorithm and try to sabotage the communication, due to the property of CSI information of OFDM channel, the generated key will be different. Thus it will not match with the secret key used for actual communication. Hence the user will not be able to hijack the communication.
With enhancement in wireless technology, security has become an important part in designing of network. Network security is an important aspect of system administration. We are living in a world where there is access to information anywhere, anytime, be it voice, multimedia or data analytics. This information should be provided to the user with the highest possible security. Thus the information exchanged for communication should be highly secured, authentic and only accessible to the authorised user. Recent research has shown that, this security can be provided through RSS (Received Signal Strength) based key generation techniques for authentication of user. But RSS based key generation technique has a drawback that the key generation rate is very low. RSS based technique is highly applicable for mobile devices. In M2M Communication the devices can be static or mobile based. So we explore a technic which is based on Key generation through CSI (Channel State Information) of a channel. Key generation using CSI information can be efficient in the terms of providing security as they can generate quiet a long key as compared to RSS based technique. We deploy an algorithm as a solution to key generation without using additional hardware for key generation and verify that the malicious user is not able to decode the key sighting to the randomness obtained to our algorithm. The major portion of the algorithm concentrates on making the key random so that the attacker is not able to decode the key within a time span which is vulnerable to the communication. When an attacker tries to use the same algorithm and try to sabotage the communication, due to the property of CSI information of OFDM channel, the generated key will be different. Thus it will not match with the secret key used for actual communication. Hence the user will not be able to hijack the communication.
Securing wireless communication remains challenging in dynamic mobile environments due to the shared nature of wireless medium and lacking of fixed key management infrastructures. Generating secret keys using physical layer information thus has drawn much attention to complement traditional cryptographic-based methods. Although recent work has demonstrated that Received Signal Strength (RSS) based secret key extraction is practical, existing RSS-based key generation techniques are largely limited in the rate they generate secret bits and are mainly applicable to mobile wireless networks. In this paper, we show that exploiting the channel response from multiple Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers can provide fine-grained channel information and achieve higher bit generation rate for both static and mobile cases in real-world scenarios. We further develop a Channel Gain Complement (CGC) assisted secret key extraction scheme to cope with channel non-reciprocity encountered in practice. Our extensive experiments using WiFi networks in both indoor as well as outdoor environments demonstrate that our approach can achieve significantly faster secret bit generation rate at 60 ~ 90bit/packet, and is resilient to malicious attacks identified to be harmful to RSS-based techniques including predictable channel attack and stalking attack.
Dynamic secret key generation from wireless channel characteristics is a promising technique for physical layer security. One of the important issues in this field is extending the secret key’s length while preserving its uniformity and randomness. This paper proposes a key generation method based on time-varying and the reciprocity of wireless channels for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) wireless communication systems. In the proposed technique, the complex impulse response (CIR) of the estimated channel state information (CSI) is extracted, and a quantization algorithm is designed to convert the maximum peaks of the CIR into secret key bits. The effectiveness of the proposed key generation technique is assessed in terms of the randomness of the produced key bits with different key lengths by using a statistical test suite of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The proposed technique is employed in the MIMO-OFDM systems with different modulation schemes through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels. The simulation results show that the secret keys with various key lengths generated from the proposed technique for the MIMO-OFDM systems guarantee randomness. Moreover, the proposed CSI-based key generation technique provides better effectiveness in terms of security when compared to some existing techniques.
Information is regarded as a resource with highest organizational value. Its confidentiality, integrity and authenticity are important for any organization. The broadcast nature of wireless medium makes communication vulnerable to security attacks such as eavesdropping, non-repudiation, denial of service and more. Hence, prior to transmission of information, a secret key is securely exchanged between sender and receiver. Conventional key generation algorithms work at the application layer. However, they suffer from computational overheads and require a reliable third party. Moreover, when system grows complex, these methods start failing considerably. To encounter these issues, a novel key exchange mechanism is proposed which works at the physical layer. The proposed method is based on the concept of self-jamming and exploits the properties of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has a low Bit Error Rate (BER) for the receiver and high BER for the eavesdropper. It has also been shown that the number of attempts that eavesdropper has to make to guess the correct key are large, thereby decreasing its probability to decode the correct key.
Generating keys and keeping them secret is critical in secure communications. Due to the "open-air" nature, key distribution is more susceptible to attacks in wireless communications. An ingenious solution is to generate common secret keys by two communicating parties separately without the need of key exchange or distribution, and regenerate them on needs. Recently, it is promising to extract keys by measuring the random variation in wireless channels, e.g., RSS. In this paper, we propose an efficient Secret Key Extraction protocol without Chasing down Errors, SKECE. It establishes common cryptographic keys for two communicating parties in wireless networks via the realtime measurement of Channel State Information (CSI). It outperforms RSS-based approaches for key generation in terms of multiple subcarriers measurement, perfect symmetry in channel, rapid decorrelation with distance, and high sensitivity towards environments. In the SKECE design, we also propose effective mechanisms such as the adaptive key stream generation, leakage resilient consistence validation, and weighted key recombination, to fully exploit the excellent properties of CSI. We implement SKECE on off-the-shelf 802.11n devices and evaluate its performance via extensive experiments. The results demonstrate that SKECE achieves a more than 3x throughput gain in the key generation from one subcarrier in static scenarios, and due to its high efficiency, a 50% reduction on the communication overhead compared to the state-of-the-art RSS based approaches.
Due to the sensitivity of the information exchanged in Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication, generating secret keys is critical to secure these communications. As nature is open access, distributed keys are more vulnerable to attacks in the vehicular environment. Physical layer key generation methods using wireless channel characteristics show promise in preventing such attacks, generating keys independently, and removing the need for distribution. In this paper, we present a novel key generation approach in a real vehicular environment based on Channel State Information (CSI), including a new algorithm for key bit extraction. We implemented our algorithm using USRP B210 Software-Defined Radios (SDR) and the industry-standard V2X communication protocol: IEEE 802.11p. The proposed key generation protocol uses the CSI values of each sub-carrier as a source of randomness, from which bits are extracted using a new QAM demodulator quantizer (QAM-Dem-Quan). We compared our technique to state-of-the-art Received Signal Strength (RSS)-based approaches, and show that our method achieves better performance. Moreover, we reached a min-entropy of approximately 70% for the generated keys and a key generation rate of less than150 μs150~\mu \text{s}150 μs/key for key lengths ranging from 16 to 128 bits.