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Quantum information technology : a novel approach to information transfer

Francesco Petruccione

Published Dec 1, 2009• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Information is physical and this means that the laws of quantum mechanics can be used to process and transmit this information in ways that are not possible with existing systems.

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At the most microscopic level, all physical systems are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum information processing is the study of how information is gathered, transformed, and transmitted at the quantum level—in atoms, ions, photons, elementary particles, and microscopic solid-state systems, which obey fundamentally quantum mechanical laws. Quantum computers, quantum communication channels, and quantum sensors are devices that can attain the ultimate limits of information processing. The laws of quantum mechanics give rise to counterintuitive effects. Quantum information processors use “quantum weirdness” to perform tasks that classical information processors cannot. Quantum computers are conceived to process information stored on atomic, optical, and solid-state systems: they aim to use counterintuitive effects including quantum superposition and entanglement to perform tasks such as quantum simulation, quantum search, and factoring/code-breaking to solve problems that are hard or impossible on conventional classical computers. Quantum communication systems transmit information encoded in individual photons: they exploit the fact that quantum measurement is inevitably stochastic and destructive to enact quantum-encrypted communication whose security is guaranteed by the laws of physics. Quantum sensors and measurement devices operate at the greatest possible sensitivity and precision allowed by physical law: from magnetometers to quantum clocks to advanced gravitational interferometers (e.g., LIGO), quantum metrology supplies the techniques required to push measurement to its ultimate limits.
Ever since its invention in the 1920s, quantum physics has given rise to countless discussions about its meaning and about how to interpret the theory correctly. These discussions focus on issues like the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, Quantum non-locality and the role of measurement in quantum physics. In recent years, however research into the very foundations of quantum mechanics has also led to a new field – quantum information technology. The use of quantum physics could revolutionize the way we communicate and process information.
The concept of information is not different in quantum theory from its counterpart in classical physics: a sui generis quantum information concept is not needed. However, the quantum world is radically different from its classical counterpart. This difference in structure of the material world has important consequences for the amounts of information that can be stored in physical systems and for the possibilities of information transfer. In many cases, overlap between quantum states (non-orthogonality of states) blurs distinctions and impedes efficient information transfer. However, the other typical quantum feature, entanglement, makes new and seemingly mysterious ways of transporting information possible. In this article, we suggest an interpretational scheme of quantum mechanics in terms of perspectival physical properties that may provide an intelligible account of these novel quantum possibilities, while staying close to the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics.
Quantum information science (QIS) explores how information can be encoded, processed, and transmitted using the principles of quantum mechanics. Quantum technologies including quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing have experienced rapid advancements over the past decade. This review highlights foundational concepts, major technological platforms, applications, and current research trends. It also examines challenges in scalability, error correction, and implementation that shape the pathway toward practical quantum systems.
Information is stored, transmitted and processed always by physical means. Thus the concept of information and computation can be properly formulated only in the context of a physical theory and the study of information processing requires experimentation . It is clear that if computers are to become much smaller in the future, their description must be given by quantum mechanics. Somewhat more surprising is the fact that quantum information processing can be qualitatively different and much more powerful than its classical analogue. In the following we will explain why.