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Physica Scripta

Detecting non-Gaussianity via nonclassicality

Yue Zhang, Shunlong Luo

Published Nov 25, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Two prominent classification schemes for Bosonic field states are (i) classical versus nonclassical, and (ii) Gaussian versus non-Gaussian. These two paradigms are closely related yet fundamentally different. In particular, classical states may be Gaussian or non-Gaussian, and Gaussian states may be classical or nonclassical. Both non-Gaussianity and nonclassicality are important resources for quantum information processing. It is desirable to study the interplay between non-Gaussianity and nonclassicality, and seek effective methods of detecting them. In this work, we introduce a quantifier for non-Gaussianity by exploiting and optimizing an information-theoretic quantifier for nonclassicality, and exhibit its basic properties. A criterion for simultaneously detecting non-Gaussianity and nonclassicality follows, and its applications are illustrated through several examples. This unveils some intrinsic relations between non-Gaussianity and nonclassicality.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/ab5b24

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Abstract Two prominent classification schemes for Bosonic field states are (i) classical versus nonclassical, and (ii) Gaussian versus non-Gaussian. These two paradigms are closely related yet fundamentally different. In particular, classical states may be Gaussian or non-Gaussian, and Gaussian states may be classical or nonclassical. Both non-Gaussianity and nonclassicality are important resources for quantum information processing. It is desirable to study the interplay between non-Gaussianity and nonclassicality, and seek effective methods of detecting them. In this work, we introduce a quantifier for non-Gaussianity by exploiting and optimizing an information-theoretic quantifier for nonclassicality, and exhibit its basic properties. A criterion for simultaneously detecting non-Gaussianity and nonclassicality follows, and its applications are illustrated through several examples. This unveils some intrinsic relations between non-Gaussianity and nonclassicality.
While Gaussian states and associated Gaussian operations are basic ingredients and convenient objects for continuous-variable quantum information, it is also realized that non-Gaussianity is an important resource for quantum information processing. The characterization and quantification of non-Gaussianity have been widely studied in the past decade, with several significant measures for non-Gaussianity introduced. In this work, by exploiting an information-theoretic refinement of the conventional Heisenberg uncertainty relation and a physical characterization of Gaussian states as minimum uncertainty states, we introduce an easily computable measure for non-Gaussianity of bosonic field states in terms of the Wigner-Yanase skew information. Fundamental properties, as well as intuitive meaning, of this measure are unveiled. The concept is illustrated by prototypical non-Gaussian states, and compared with various existent measures for non-Gaussianity. Its merit and physical significance are elucidated.
Abstract Non-Gaussianity is an important resource for quantum information processing with continuous variables. We introduce a measure of the non-Gaussianity of bosonic field states based on the Hellinger distance and present its basic features. This measure has some natural properties and is easy to compute. We illustrate this measure with typical examples of bosonic field states and compare it with various measures of non-Gaussianity. In particular, we highlight its similarity to and difference from the measure based on the Bures distance (or, equivalently, fidelity).
We theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a nonclassicality test of a single-mode field in phase space, which has an analogy with the nonlocality test proposed by Banaszek and Wódkiewicz [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2009 (1999)]. Our approach to deriving the classical bound draws on the fact that the Wigner function of a coherent state is a product of two independent distributions as if the orthogonal quadratures (position and momentum) in phase space behave as local realistic variables. Our method detects every pure nonclassical Gaussian state, which can also be extended to mixed states. Furthermore, it sets a bound for all Gaussian states and their mixtures, thereby providing a criterion to detect a genuine quantum non-Gaussian state. Remarkably, our phase-space approach with invariance under Gaussian unitary operations leads to an optimized test for a given non-Gaussian state. We experimentally show how this enhanced method can manifest quantum non-Gaussianity of a state by simply choosing phase-space points appropriately, which is essentially equivalent to implementing a squeezing operation on a given state.
Identifying the classical-quantum divide and quantifying nonclassicality (quantumness) are fundamental issues in quantum exploration. By use of the Wigner-Yanase skew information [E. P. Wigner and M. M. Yanase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 49, 910 (1963)], which is a version of quantum Fisher information with a well-established interpretation as quantum uncertainty, we introduce a simple and effective quantifier for nonclassicality of bosonic field states. This is achieved by simultaneously yet approximately measuring the canonical conjugate quadrature pair (equivalently, measuring the non-Hermitian annihilation operator in a generalized sense) from an information-theoretic perspective. This quantifier, apart from capturing the idea of nonclassicality as quantum uncertainty in a succinct way, is mathematically computable, physically intuitive, and possesses operational significance. We reveal its fundamental properties and illustrate its physical applications in quantifying nonclassicality of light. We compare it with various existent quantifiers for nonclassicality and illustrate its merits. A related quantifier for classicality, which is in some sense dual to nonclassicality, is also introduced. This pair of classicality and nonclassicality provides insight into the classical-quantum interplay.
Nonclassicality of light has been studied, both extensively and intensively, in terms of optical coherent states, and various quantifiers for nonclassicality of light have been introduced in recent decades. In contrast, the corresponding quantification issue for atomic spin systems is relatively less studied, though there has been some remarkable progress. In this paper, by virtue of the Wigner-Yanase skew information and working in the framework of atomic coherent states, we introduce a quantifier for nonclassicality of atomic spin states from an information-theoretic perspective and reveal its fundamental properties. This quantifier leads to a simple yet powerful criterion for detecting nonclassicality via convexity of the skew information. This criterion is sufficient, but not necessary. The concept is illustrated through several paradigms. We further elucidate some intrinsic relations between nonclassicality and entanglement and indicate that the nonclassicality quantifier may be transferred to an entanglement quantifier.
Quantification of nonclassicality and entanglement in a quantum state is crucial for quantum advantage in information processing and computation. Robustness is one of the tractable measures for quantifying quantum resources. Gaussian states are important in continuous variable quantum information for their theoretically simple and experimentally easily accessible. We provide the method of how to calculate the robustness of nonclassicality and enatnglement for Gaussian states. The robustness of nonclassicality or entanglement is demonstrated analytically for one-mode, two-mode Gaussain states and multimode symmetric Gaussian states, the result shows a clear physical meaning for the origin of nonclassicality and entanglement. For squeezed thermal states, the nonclassicality is equal to the entanglement for the two-mode case, while they are far apart for multimode cases.