Quantum computers need to be protected by quantum error-correcting codes against decoherence. One of the most interesting and useful classes of quantum codes is the class of quantum stabilizer codes. Entanglement-assisted (EA) quantum codes are a class of stabilizer codes that make use of preshared entanglement between the sender and the receiver. We provide several code constructions for entanglement-assisted quantum codes.
The MacWilliams identity for quantum codes leads to linear programming bounds on the minimum distance. We find new constraints on the simplified stabilizer group and the logical group, which help improve the linear programming bounds on entanglement-assisted quantum codes. The results also can be applied to standard stabilizer codes.
In the real world, quantum gates are faulty. To implement quantum computation fault-tolerantly, quantum codes with certain properties are needed. We first analyze Knill's postselection scheme in a two-dimensional architecture. The error performance of this scheme is better than other known concatenated codes. Then we propose several methods to protect syndrome extraction against measurement errors.
Quantum computers need to be protected by quantum error-correcting codes against decoherence. One of the most interesting and useful classes of quantum codes is the class of quantum stabilizer codes. Entanglement-assisted (EA) quantum codes are a class of stabilizer codes that make use of preshared entanglement between the sender and the receiver. We provide several code constructions for entanglement-assisted quantum codes.
The MacWilliams identity for quantum codes leads to linear programming bounds on the minimum distance. We find new constraints on the simplified stabilizer group and the logical group, which help improve the linear programming bounds on entanglement-assisted quantum codes. The results also can be applied to standard stabilizer codes.
In the real world, quantum gates are faulty. To implement quantum computation fault-tolerantly, quantum codes with certain properties are needed. We first analyze Knill's postselection scheme in a two-dimensional architecture. The error performance of this scheme is better than other known concatenated codes. Then we propose several methods to protect syndrome extraction against measurement errors.
We develop the theory of entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting (EAQEC) codes, a generalization of the stabilizer formalism to the setting in which the sender and receiver have access to preshared entanglement. Conventional stabilizer codes are equivalent to self-orthogonal symplectic codes. In contrast, EAQEC codes do not require self-orthogonality, which greatly simplifies their construction. We show how any classical binary or quaternary block code can be made into an EAQEC code. We provide a table of best known EAQEC codes with code length up to 10. With the self-orthogonality constraint removed, we see that the distance of an EAQEC code can be better than any standard quantum error-correcting code with the same fixed net yield. In a quantum computation setting, EAQEC codes give rise to catalytic quantum codes, which assume a subset of the qubits are noiseless. We also give an alternative construction of EAQEC codes by making classical entanglement-assisted codes coherent.
Linear programming approaches have been applied to derive upper bounds on the size of classical and quantum codes. In this paper, we derive similar results for general quantum codes with entanglement assistance by considering a type of split weight enumerator. After deriving the MacWilliams identities for these enumerators, we are able to prove algebraic linear programming bounds, such as the Singleton bound, the Hamming bound, and the first linear programming bound. Our Singleton bound and Hamming bound are more general than the previous bounds for entanglement-assisted quantum stabilizer codes. In addition, we show that the first linear programming bound improves the Hamming bound when the relative distance is sufficiently large. On the other hand, we obtain additional constraints on the size of Pauli subgroups for quantum codes, which allow us to improve the linear programming bounds on the minimum distance of quantum codes of small length. In particular, we show that there is no [[27, 15, 5]] or [[28, 14, 6]] stabilizer code. We also discuss the existence of some entanglement-assisted quantum stabilizer codes with maximal entanglement. As a result, the upper and lower bounds on the minimum distance of maximal-entanglement quantum stabilizer codes with length up to 20 are significantly improved.
The entanglement-assisted (EA) formalism is a generalization of the standard stabilizer formalism, and it can transform arbitrary quaternary classical linear codes into entanglement-assisted quantum error correcting codes (EAQECCs) by using of shared entanglement between the sender and the receiver. Using the special structure of linear EAQECCs, we derive an EA-Plotkin bound for linear EAQECCs, which strengthens the previous known EA-Plotkin bound. This linear EA-Plotkin bound is tighter then the EA-Singleton bound, and matches the EA-Hamming bound and the EA-linear programming bound in some cases. We also construct three families of EAQECCs with good parameters. Some of these EAQECCs saturate this linear EA-Plotkin bound and the others are near optimal according to this bound; almost all of these linear EAQECCs are degenerate codes.
Quantum error correcting codes play an essential role in protecting quantum information from the noise and the decoherence. Most quantum codes have been constructed based on the Pauli basis indexed by a finite field. With a newly introduced algebraic class called a nice ring, it is possible to construct the quantum codes such that their alphabet sizes are not restricted to powers of a prime.\n\nSubsystem codes are quantum error correcting schemes unifying stabilizer codes, decoherence free subspaces and noiseless subsystems. We show a generalization of subsystem codes over nice rings. Furthermore, we prove that free subsystem codes over a finite chain ring cannot outperform those over a finite field. We also generalize entanglement-assisted quantum error correcting codes to nice rings. With the help of the entanglement, any classical code can be used to derive the corresponding quantum codes, even if such codes are not self-orthogonal. We prove that an R-module with antisymmetric bicharacter can be decomposed as an orthogonal direct sum of hyperbolic pairs using symplectic geometry over rings. So, we can find hyperbolic pairs and commuting generators generating the check matrix of the entanglement-assisted quantum code.\n\nFault-tolerant quantum computation has been also studied over a finite field. Transversal operations are the simplest way to implement fault-tolerant quantum gates. We derive transversal Clifford operations for CSS codes over nice rings, including Fourier transforms, SUM gates, and phase gates. Since transversal operations alone cannot provide a computationally universal set of gates, we add fault-tolerant implementations of doubly-controlled Z gates for triorthogonal stabilizer codes over nice rings.\n\nFinally, we investigate optimal key exchange protocols for unconditionally secure key distribution schemes. We prove how many rounds are needed for the key exchange between any pair of the group on star networks, linear-chain networks, and general networks.
Abstract—The dual of an entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting (EAQEC) code is the code resulting from ex-changing the original code’s information qubits for its ebits and vice versa. As an introduction to this notion, we show how entanglement-assisted repetition codes and entanglement-assisted accumulator codes are dual to each other, much like their classical counterparts, and we give an explicit, general quantum shift-register circuit that encodes both classes of codes. We later show that our constructions are optimal, and this result completes our understanding of these dual classes of codes. We obtain linear programming bounds for EAQEC codes, by exploiting general forms of these dualities and corresponding MacWilliams identities. We establish the Gilbert-Varshamov bound and the Plotkin bound for EAQEC codes, and all of these bounds allow us to formulate a table of upper and lower bounds on the minimum distance of any maximal-entanglement EAQEC code with length up to 15 channel qubits. Finally, we provide an upper bound on the block error probability when transmitting maximal-entanglement EAQEC codes through the depolarizing channel. Index Terms—quantum dual code, entanglement-assisted quantum error correction, MacWilliams identity, linear programming bound, entanglement-assisted repetition codes, entanglement-assisted accumulator codes I.