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Um apagador quântico com estados de Bell

Stephen Patrick Walborn

Published Aug 23, 2000• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this dissertation, an optical quantum eraser experiment, which can be considered an optical analogy of an experiment proposed by Scully, Englert and Walther(SEW) [1] is performed. Using photons in entangled Bell-states, we can choose whether to observe which-path information or an interference pattern. An appealing feature of this quantum eraser is that the experiement actually uses a Young double-slit to create interference. One photon of an entangled pair is incident on a Youngdouble slit of appropriate dimensions to create an interference pattern on a distant \screen". Quarter-wave plates, orientated so that their fast axes are orthogonal, are placed in front of each slit, serve as which-path markers. The presence of the quarter-wave plates destroys the interference pattern. To recover interference, an appropriate polarization measurement on the other entangled photon is performed. In addition, a \delayed quantum erasure" experiment is performed. The dangers of an erroneous interpretation of quantum theory in the delayed erasure situation are briey discussed. The generation of polarization-entangled photons using spontaneous parametric down-conversion is briey studied. It is shown that, through type-II non-colinear phase matching, the non-linear BBO (_-BaB2O4) cristal creates highly-entangled photons. Curves of polarization interference are obtained, proportional to sin(_A _ _B), with visibilities greater than 0:95.

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In this dissertation, an optical quantum eraser experiment, which can be considered an optical analogy of an experiment proposed by Scully, Englert and Walther(SEW) [1] is performed. Using photons in entangled Bell-states, we can choose whether to observe which-path information or an interference pattern. An appealing feature of this quantum eraser is that the experiement actually uses a Young double-slit to create interference. One photon of an entangled pair is incident on a Youngdouble slit of appropriate dimensions to create an interference pattern on a distant \screen". Quarter-wave plates, orientated so that their fast axes are orthogonal, are placed in front of each slit, serve as which-path markers. The presence of the quarter-wave plates destroys the interference pattern. To recover interference, an appropriate polarization measurement on the other entangled photon is performed. In addition, a \delayed quantum erasure" experiment is performed. The dangers of an erroneous interpretation of quantum theory in the delayed erasure situation are briey discussed. The generation of polarization-entangled photons using spontaneous parametric down-conversion is briey studied. It is shown that, through type-II non-colinear phase matching, the non-linear BBO (_-BaB2O4) cristal creates highly-entangled photons. Curves of polarization interference are obtained, proportional to sin(_A _ _B), with visibilities greater than 0:95.
We report a quantum eraser experiment which actually uses a Young double slit to create interference. The experiment can be considered an optical analogy of an experiment proposed by Scully, Englert, and Walther [Nature (London) 351, 111 (1991)]. One photon of an entangled pair is incident on a Young double slit of appropriate dimensions to create an interference pattern in a distant detection region. Quarter-wave plates, oriented so that their fast axes are orthogonal, are placed in front of each slit to serve as which-path markers. The quarter-wave plates mark the polarization of the interfering photon and thus destroy the interference pattern. To recover interference, we measure the polarization of the other entangled photon. In addition, we perform the experiment under ``delayed erasure'' circumstances.
Youngs double slit experiment is one of the most celebrated achievements in quantum and classical optics; it provides experimental proof of the wave-particle duality of light. When the paths of the double slit are marked with orthogonal polarizations, the path information is revealed and no interference pattern is observed. However, the path information can be erased with a complimentary analysis of the polarization. Here we use hybrid entanglement between photons carrying orbital angular momentum and polarization to show that, just as in Young's experiment, the paths (OAM) marked with polarization do not lead to interference. However, when introducing the eraser (polarizer) which projects the polarization of one of the entangled photons onto a complementary polarization basis, the OAM (paths) are allowed to interfere, leading to the formation of azimuthal fringes whose frequency is proportional to the OAM content carried by the photon.
We have observed an effect known as a quantum eraser, using a setup similar to one previously employed to demonstrate a violation of Bell's inequalities. In this effect, an interfering system is first rendered incoherent by making the alternate Feynman paths which contribute to the overall process distinguishable; with our apparatus this is achieved by placing a half wave plate in one arm of a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer so as to rotate the polarization of the light in that arm by 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. This adds information to the system, in that polarization is a new parameter which serves to label the path of a given photon, even after a recombining beam splitter. The quantum ``eraser'' removes this information from the state vector, after the output port of the interferometer, but in time to cause interference effects to reappear upon coincidence detection. For this purpose, we use two polarizers in front of our detectors. We present experimental results showing how the degree of erasure (which determines the visibility of the interference) depends on the relative orientation of the polarizers, along with theoretical curves. In addition, we show how this procedure may do more than merely erase, in that the act of ``pasting together'' two previously distinguishable paths can introduce a new relative phase between them.
This experiment explores the quantum phenomenon known as the Quantum Eraser, using a variation of Young’s Double Slit experiment. Young’s Double Slit experiment demonstrates that light acts as a wave by creating an interference pattern when diffracted through two slits. If one measures which of the two slits the photons pass through, then the interference pattern is replaced by a single bright spot, as would be expected for particle-like behaviour. The “Quantum Eraser” eliminates the measurement on the photons, thereby reintroducing the interference pattern observed in Young’s original experiment. The experiment’s first stage saw Young’s Double Slit experiment recreated and an interference pattern was observed. Upon adding two orthogonally polarized filters, the photon’s path was measured, and the interference pattern was removed. By then adding a third filter which was polarized 45O relative to both other polarisers, the interference pattern was somewhat restored. For each experiment, the heights of the peaks in the interference patterns were compared to each other to examine the quality of the reproduced interference pattern based on the original double slit interference pattern. This comparison gave a quantitative result that demonstrated that the Quantum Eraser was able to restore the interference pattern to within 5 standard errors, thereby exemplifying the effect that changing the measurement conditions affects the final measurement.
Abstract Wave–particle duality is a counterintuitive nature of quantum physics that challenges many common-sense assumptions, and Young’s double-slit interference is a prototypical example. While most quantum erasure experiments emphasized the choice of erasing or marking the which-path information of one quantum system, we use frequency entanglement to report a nonlocal temporal double-slit interferometer such that the which-time information determines the wave-like or particle-like behaviors. Since frequency-entangled photons are created simultaneously by using spontaneous parametric down conversion, the mark of temporal distinguishability is readily prepared by delaying one of the entangled photons, and its quantum eraser is implemented by using spectrally resolved detection with a tunable delayed choice. These results may provide an alternative aspect and insight into the role of the temporal degree in quantum-light complementarity and photon interference.
We have implemented an optical quantum eraser with the aim of studying this phenomenon in the context of state discrimination. An interfering single photon is entangled with another one serving as a which-path marker. As a consequence, the visibility of the interference as well as the which-path information are constrained by the overlap (measured by the inner product) between the which-path marker states, which in a more general situation are non-orthogonal. In order to perform which-path or quantum eraser measurements while analysing non-orthogonal states, we resort to a probabilistic method for the unambiguous modification of the inner product between the two states of the which-path marker in a discrimination-like process.