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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

A Reconfigurable Silicon Generator of Four-Photon Entangled States

Caterina Vigliar, Jeremy C. Adcock, Raffaele Santagati, Joshua W. Silverstone, Mark G. Thompson

Published Jun 1, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Large-scale quantum silicon photonic devices can represent a viable route to the generation of large entangled quantum states (graph states)[1], exploiting the generation of multiple pairs of photons on chip. Graph state applications are diverse, spanning from measurement-based quantum computing to quantum error correction and quantum communication [2]. Silicon photonics represents a promising platform for its stability, reconfigurability, high-density and high-performance optical components.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8871601

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Large-scale quantum silicon photonic devices can represent a viable route to the generation of large entangled quantum states (graph states)[1], exploiting the generation of multiple pairs of photons on chip. Graph state applications are diverse, spanning from measurement-based quantum computing to quantum error correction and quantum communication [2]. Silicon photonics represents a promising platform for its stability, reconfigurability, high-density and high-performance optical components.
Recently there has been a worldwide effort to produce scalable qubit implementations for quantum information protocols, including quantum key distribution, quantum metrology and quantum computing---technologies which have the power to revolutionise their respective fields. Silicon photonics is in a prime position to provide the physical, photonic implementations of these technologies due to it's high-yield, high-performance and inherently scalable CMOS manufacturing infrastructure. The on-chip production of more than one uncorrelated photon pair (more than two photons) has remained a technological challenge. Here, we seek to overcome this using careful quantum photonic design, and state-of-the-art Silicon photonics technology. Our four-photon device expands the capabilities of integrated quantum photonics to fully entangled four photons, specifically the four photon graph states. In the graph state formalism, each vertex corresponds to a qubit, and each edge corresponds to a controlled-phase gate (an entangling operation) performed between the qubits it links. It has been shown that these states are very powerful---simple measurement strategies on certain graph states provide universal quantum computing. Interestingly, certain classes of graph states are equivalent under single-qubit transformations. These are the global entanglement classes. Our device uses both a reconfigurable entangling gate and local transformations to fully explore the space of 4 qubit graph states. The device employs four ring resonator sources, on-chip spectral demultiplexing, a reconfigurable entangling gate, and single-qubit transformations for each qubit. Using these capabilities, we can verify our entangled quantum states using entanglement witnesses, local tomography, and by running toy measurement-based quantum computations. These devices will be both the largest and most diverse integrated photonic quantum state generators produced to date. A vital demonstration of this work is high-quality quantum interference between spontaneous four-wave mixing photon-pair sources on the same chip. These ideas and proof-of-concept demonstrations point to large scale quantum technology, built using today's technologies.
Future quantum computers require a scalable architecture on a scalable technology-one that supports millions of high-performance components. Measurement-based protocols, using graph states, represent the state of the art in architectures for optical quantum computing. Silicon photonics technology offers enormous scale and proven quantum optical functionality. Here we produce and encode photonic graph states on a mass-manufactured chip, using four on-chip-generated photons. We programmably generate all types of four-photon graph state, implementing a basic measurement-based protocol, and measure high-visibility heralded interference of the chip's four photons. We develop a model of the device and bound the dominant sources of error using Bayesian inference. The combination of measurement-based quantum computation, silicon photonics technology, and on-chip multi-pair sources will be a useful one for future scalable quantum information processing with photons.
Silicon quantum photonics is a promising platform for the development of advanced quantum information technologies, offering a high level of stability, controllability, scalability and integration density. Silicon quantum photonics has enabled a range of key demonstrations including the development of a versatile toolbox for controlling single-photon’s different degrees of freedom, the generation of multipartite entanglement and high-dimensional entanglement, and realization of large-scale programmable quantum devices. The progress has unlocked the unprecedented power of chip-scale quantum photonic technologies for advanced applications in quantum communication, computing and simulation.
Silicon quantum photonics promises to take quantum optics to the large scale, where single photons carry the quantum information which can accelerate difficult computational problems, provide perfectly secure communication, or allow high-accuracy measurements. The silicon photonics platform offers miniature, high-yield, and high-performance photonics which are integrable with CMOS electronics and telecommunications-band optics. To date, only non-scalable photon-pair sources, based on spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in straight silicon waveguides have been shown to interfere [1]. Until now, single-photon experiments in silicon [2] have exclusively used an off-chip apparatus, such as a silica arrayed waveguide grating, to control and manipulate photon frequency. We present a silicon-on-insulator quantum photonic device (Fig. 1a) able to generate and analyse two maximally entangled qubits. We use this device to demonstrate high-visibility quantum interferencebetween resonant SFWM sources (analogous to [1]), phase-stable frequency-selection, and quantum state tomography. We varied the phase  to obtain the fringes shown in Fig. 1b, with a visibility of 96.8%. This high visibility indicates that the two microring sources are substantially identical. We setup the entangled state via the on-chip 17-dB extinction filters, and used quantum state tomography to analyse it (Fig. 1c). We measured a fidelity of 0.8. This is the first time an entangled state of photonic qubits has been both generated and analysed on-chip, and this generation has been done in a way which is scalable to larger photon number. These results represent a new step towards fully silicon-integrated quantum photonics.
With high integration density and excellent optical properties, silicon photonics is becoming a promising platform for complete integration and large-scale optical quantum information processing. Scalable quantum information applications need photon generation and detection to be integrated on the same chip, and we have seen that various devices on the silicon photonic chip have been developed for this goal. This paper reviews the relevant research results and state-of-the-art technologies on the silicon photonic chip for scalable quantum applications. Despite the shortcomings, the properties of some components have already met the requirements for further expansion. Furthermore, we point out the challenges ahead and future research directions for on-chip scalable quantum information applications.