In the present work the XY and Heisenberg models in one dimension are studied. They are useful to describe certain physical phenomena, such as the magnetic properties of materials. The Hamiltonian of the XY model is completely diagonalized and it was possible to get some thermodynamic properties of a system described by the model, such as free energy and magnetization. We observe here in this system the presence of a phase transition when changing the magnetic field inthe z-direction. For the Heisenberg model, it is described in this work a procedure that allows one to completely diagonalize the Hamiltonian. There is an interesting similarity between most of the eigenvalues of the Heisenberg Hamiltonian and the eigenvalues of the XY Hamiltonian in the thermodynamic limit.
In the present work the XY and Heisenberg models in one dimension are studied. They are useful to describe certain physical phenomena, such as the magnetic properties of materials. The Hamiltonian of the XY model is completely diagonalized and it was possible to get some thermodynamic properties of a system described by the model, such as free energy and magnetization. We observe here in this system the presence of a phase transition when changing the magnetic field inthe z-direction. For the Heisenberg model, it is described in this work a procedure that allows one to completely diagonalize the Hamiltonian. There is an interesting similarity between most of the eigenvalues of the Heisenberg Hamiltonian and the eigenvalues of the XY Hamiltonian in the thermodynamic limit.
Jordan-Wigner transformation and Bogolyubov transformation are the main steps of the diagonalization of Hamiltonian and paly an important role in the statistical mechanics calculations for one-dimensional Heisenberg spin chain model. Many methods can be exploited as a tool to detect quantum phase transition, regions of criticality and scaling behavior in the vicinity of a quantum phase transition, such as geometric phase, fidelity susceptibility, order parameter, and entanglement entropy, which have direct relation with Bogolyubov transformation. We diagonalized the Hamiltonian in XY spin-chain systems with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, the results shows that only the energy spectrum but not the coefficients of the Bogolyubov transformation depends on DM interaction. Therefore, the DM interaction may not influence the critical magnetic field of quantum phase transitions and not induce new critical regions in the XY spin model. Moreover, we further prove the ideas by the methods of geometric phases in this model.
The critical behavior of systems that exhibit magnetism has been the subject of intense research. The Heisenberg model deserves special attention because it is a tool to be used to describe the properties of many magnetic, insulators and anisotropic materials. In addition, it is known that the consideration of anisotropic effects in many spin models can result in the presence of tricritical behavior in the phase diagram and thermodynamic properties. In particular, the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction consists of an important type of anisotropy, which since the last decades has attracted a great deal of attention, playing an important role in the description of some classes of insulators, as well as in the study of the phenomena involving spin-glass, among others. The presence of disorder in the models, introduced by random variables governed by a given probability distribution, also usually results in the alteration of the critical behavior in relation to the homogeneous system. Therefore, the interest in the systems in the presence of random field has grown. With such motivation, the spin-1/2 and spin-1 anisotropic Heisenberg models with DM interaction and magnetic random field are studied within the framework of Oguchi’s pair approximation. Although the approach is developed for lattices with general coordination number z the model is discussed in detail for the simple cubic lattice (z = 6). The critical behavior dependent on both the DM parameter and the random field is analyzed. The investigation of phase diagrams reveals the presence of tricritical points and the results are extended to describe the behavior of the thermodynamic properties of the system.
The linear, nearest-neighbor, magnetic systems described by the anisotropic, finite-field, spin-1/2, Heisenberg Hamiltonian H = Σi(SxiSxi+1+SyiSyi+1+ΔSziSzi+1 ) −HoΣiSzi, −∞<Δ<∞ and 0?H0, are increasingly attracting attention, both experimentally and theoretically. These systems are now known to be intimately related to models in quantum field theory, for quantum solitons, and for other many-body problems. In its own right, the Hamiltonian describes many physically realized systems; thus the theoretical prediction of some unexpected and interesting properties indicates experimental possibilities. We outline what has been learned, from the method of Bethe’s Ansatz, of the ground state, elementary excitations, and low-temperature thermodynamics as functions of Δ and Ho. We discuss the changes in behavior of the low-temperature thermodynamics as Δ and Ho are varied and give the relationship of these changes to the ground state and excitation spectrum characteristics. In small magnetic fields, unexpected structure in the low-temperature thermodynamics of the ferromagnetic Heisenberg magnet has been predicted.
The quantum phase transitions of one-dimensional period-two anisotropic XY models in a transverse field with the Hamiltonian where the anisotropy parameters i take and alternately, are studied. The Hamiltonian can be reduced to the diagonal form by Jordan-Wigner and Bogoliubov transformations. The long-range correlations Cx and Cy are calculated numerically. The phase with Cx Cy0 (or Cy Cx0) is referred to as the ferromagnetic (FM) phase along the x (or y) direction, while the phase with Cx=Cy=0 is the paramagnetic (PM) phase. It is found that the phase diagrams with the ratio -1 and =-1 are different obviously. For the case with -1, the line h=hc1=1-[(1-)/2]2 separates an FM phase from a PM phase, while the line =0 is the boundary between a ferromagnetic phase along the x direction (FMx) and a ferromagnetic phase along the y direction (FMy). These are similar to those of the uniform XY chains in a transverse field (i.e., =1). When =-1, the FMx and FMy phases disappear and there appears a new FM phase. The line h=hc2=1-2 separates this new FM phase from the PM phase. The new phase is gapless with two zeros in single particle energy spectrum. This is due to the new symmetry in the system with =-1, i.e., the Hamiltonian is invariant under the transformation 2ix 2i+1y,2iy 2i+1x. The correlation function between the 2i-1 and 2i lattice points along the x (y) direction is equal to that between the 2i and 2i+1 lattice points along the y (x) direction. As a result, the long-range correlation functions along two directions are equivalent. In order to facilitate the description, we call this gapless phase the isotropic ferromagnetic (FMxx) phase. Finally, the relationship between quantum entanglement and quantum phase transitions of the system is studied. The scaling behaviour of the von Neumann entropy at each point in the FMxx phase is SL~1/3log2L+ Const, which is similar to that at the anisotropic phase transition point of the uniform XY model in a transverse field, and different from those in the FMx and FMy phases.
Introduction to Integrable Many-Body Systems II This is the second part of a three-volume introductory course about integrable systems of interacting bodies. The models of interest are quantum spin chains with nearest-neighbor interactions between spin operators, in particular Heisenberg spin-1/2 models. The Ising model in a transverse field, expressible as a quadratic fermion form by using the Jordan-Wigner transformation, is the subject of Sect. 12. The derivation of the coordinate Bethe ansatz for the XXZ Heisenberg chain and the determination of its absolute ground state in various regions of the anisotropy parameter are presented in Sect. 13. The magnetic properties of the ground state are explained in Sect. 14. Sect. 15 concerns excited states and the zero-temperature thermodynamics of the XXZ model. The thermodynamics of the XXZ Heisenberg chain is derived on the basis of the string hypothesis in Sect. 16; the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations are analyzed in high-temperature and low-temperature limits. An alternative derivation of the thermodynamics without using strings, leading to a non-linear integral equation determining the free energy, is the subject of Sect. 17. A nontrivial application of the Quantum Inverse Scattering method to the fully anisotropic XYZ Heisenberg chain is described in Sect. 18. Sect. 19 deals with integrable cases of isotropic spin chains with an arbitrary spin.