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Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Provably Secure Identity-Based Encryption and Signature over Cyclotomic Fields

Yang Wang, Mingqiang Wang, Jingdan Zou, Jin Xu, Jing Wang

Published Oct 17, 2019• 4 citations

Abstract

Identity-based cryptography is a type of public key cryptography with simple key management procedures. To our knowledge, till now, the existing identity-based cryptography based on NTRU is all over power-of-2 cyclotomic rings. Whether there is provably secure identity-based cryptography over more general fields is still open. In this paper, with the help of the results of collision resistance preimage sampleable functions (CRPSF) over cyclotomic fields, we give concrete constructions of provably secure identity-based encryption schemes (IBE) and identity-based signature schemes (IBS) based on NTRU over any cyclotomic field. Our IBE schemes are provably secure under adaptive chosen-plaintext and adaptive chosen-identity attacks, meanwhile, our IBS schemes are existentially unforgeable against adaptively chosen message and adaptively chosen identity attacks for any probabilistic polynomial time (PPT) adversary in the random oracle model. The securities of both schemes are based on the worst-case approximate shortest independent vectors problem (SIVPγ) over corresponding ideal lattices. The secret key size of our IBE (IBS) scheme is short—only one (two) ring element(s). The ciphertext (signature) is also short—only two (three) ring elements. Meanwhile, as the case of NTRUEncrypt, our IBE scheme could encrypt n bits in each encryption process. These properties may make our schemes have more advantages for some IoT applications over postquantum world in theory.

DOI: 10.1155/2019/1742386

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Identity-based cryptography is a type of public key cryptography with simple key management procedures. To our knowledge, till now, the existing identity-based cryptography based on NTRU is all over power-of-2 cyclotomic rings. Whether there is provably secure identity-based cryptography over more general fields is still open. In this paper, with the help of the results of collision resistance preimage sampleable functions (CRPSF) over cyclotomic fields, we give concrete constructions of provably secure identity-based encryption schemes (IBE) and identity-based signature schemes (IBS) based on NTRU over any cyclotomic field. Our IBE schemes are provably secure under adaptive chosen-plaintext and adaptive chosen-identity attacks, meanwhile, our IBS schemes are existentially unforgeable against adaptively chosen message and adaptively chosen identity attacks for any probabilistic polynomial time (PPT) adversary in the random oracle model. The securities of both schemes are based on the worst-case approximate shortest independent vectors problem (SIVPγ) over corresponding ideal lattices. The secret key size of our IBE (IBS) scheme is short—only one (two) ring element(s). The ciphertext (signature) is also short—only two (three) ring elements. Meanwhile, as the case of NTRUEncrypt, our IBE scheme could encrypt n bits in each encryption process. These properties may make our schemes have more advantages for some IoT applications over postquantum world in theory.

Recently,Identity-based Encryption(IBE) scheme based on lattices becomes one of the focuses of cryptographic research.But the IBE scheme based on standard lattice have large key size and high ciphertext expansion rate.So based on ideal lattices,this paper presents an efficient identity-based encryption scheme with small key size and low ciphertext expansion rate.The proposed scheme uses a method that combines the NTRU digital signature and the dual encryption based on ideal lattices.It is provably secure in the random oracle model.Analysis results show that the public key and the private key of key generation center contain one ring element and four ring elements respectively.The decryption key of each user is comprised of two ring elements.The ciphertext contains only two ring elements and the ciphertext expansion rate is a small constant.The encryption and decryption require four and two multiplications in the polynomial ring.Hence,the IBE scheme is more computationally efficient than that of traditional number theory based IBE scheme.

With the rapid development of electronic information technology, digital signature has become an indispensable part of our lives. Traditional public key certificate cryptosystems cannot overcome the limitations of certificate management. Identity-based cryptosystems can avoid the certificate management issues. The development of quantum computers has brought serious challenges to traditional cryptography. Post-quantum cryptography research is imperative. At present, almost all post-quantum identity-based signature (IBS) schemes are constructed using Gaussian sampling or trapdoor technologies. However, these two technologies have a great impact on computational efficiency. To overcome this problem, we construct an IBS scheme on lattices by employing Lyubashevsky’s signature scheme. Based on the shortest vector problem on lattices, our scheme does not use Gaussian sampling or trapdoor technologies. In the random oracle model, it is proved that our scheme is strongly unforgeable against adaptive chosen messages and identity attacks. The security level of our scheme is strongly unforgeable, which is a higher level than the existential unforgeability of other schemes. Compared with other efficient schemes, our scheme has advantages in computation complexity and security.

Module lattices have many advantages over traditional number theory to construct security schemes. Especially, module lattice-based security schemes are potentially able to resist to quantum attacks which can break traditional number theory based ones. In this vein, this paper designed an extremely fast identity-based encryption (for short IBE) scheme from module lattices. Although the security proof has been conducted in the random oracle (for short RO) model, the keys and the ciphertext expansion rate of our scheme are comparatively small. Moreover, the main idea behind the scheme can be easily understood: combining the provably secure NTRU signature of Stehle and Steinfeld [19] with the CPA secure El Gamal-like encryption scheme proposed by Lyubashevsky, Peikert and Regev [15].

Identity-based signature (IBS) which is a paradigm built on public key cryptography has played a significant role in light-weight authentication. With the advent of the post quantum era, the lattice has become a main mathematical tool to construct quantum-immune cryptographic schemes. By utilizing an admissible hash function with compatible algorithms and lattice trapdoors as basic building blocks, we propose a new IBS scheme over lattices. The scheme is proved existentially unforgeable against adaptive identity attacks and chosen message attacks in the standard model under inhomogeneous short integer solution assumption via the generalized partitioning proof technique. Moreover, the scheme needs only logarithmic basic matrices as master public key while keeping the same private key size and signature size as those of other standard model lattice-based IBS schemes. This construction is the first adaptive-ID secure standard model IBS scheme over lattice with such space efficiency.

An efficient identity-based encryption (IBE) scheme over lattice is proposed in this paper. Under the hardness of the learning with errors (LWE) problem, the proposed scheme is semantic secure against adaptive chosen identity and chosen plaintext attack in the standard model. To improve the efficiency of the lattice-based IBE scheme, unlike the identity string is encoded into a matrix by a group of public matrices in several known constructions, the identity string of l bits is encoded into a vector with the help of l+1 vectors in this paper. With the help of this idea, we achieve the private key extraction of IBE scheme at the same lattice. Then, the public key of the proposed scheme only consists of one n×m matrix and l+1 vectors, compared with that the public keys of the known lattice-based IBE schemes all consist as a group of n×m matrices. Hence, the public key size of this scheme is shorter than that of the known constructions.

In 1996 Hoffstein, Pipher ad Silverman presented NTRUEncrypt, which is to date the fastest known lattice-based encryption scheme. Its moderate key-sizes, excellent asymptotic performance and conjectured resistance to quantum attacks make it a perfect candidate to succeed where factorization and discrete log fail. Unfortunately, no security proof has been produced for NTRUEncrypt nor for its signature counterpart NTRUSign. In 2013 Stehle and Steinfield proposed to apply some mild modification to the encryption and signature scheme to make them provably secure, under the assumed quantum hardness of standard worst-case lattice problems, restricted to a family of lattices related to some cyclotomic fields. In particular they showed that if the secret key polynomials of the encryption scheme are chosen from discrete Gaussians, then the public key, i.e their ratio, is statistically indistinguishable from uniform. The security will then follow from the hardness of the R-LWE problem.The aim of this thesis is to present Stehle's and Steinfield's work in a slightly more accessi-ble form, providing some more background and details in some points.