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Entropy

Performance Improvement of Underwater Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution via Photon Subtraction

Qingquan Peng, Guojun Chen, Xuan Li, Qin Liao, Ying Guo

Published Oct 17, 2019• 21 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Considering the ocean water’s optical attenuation is significantly larger than that of Fiber Channel, we propose an approach to enhance the security of underwater continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD). In particular, the photon subtraction operation is performed at the emitter to enhance quantum entanglement, thereby improving the underwater transmission performance of the CVQKD. Simulation results show that the photon subtraction operation can effectively improve the performance of CVQKD in terms of underwater transmission distance. We also compare the performance of the proposed protocol in different water qualities, which shows the advantage of our protocol against water deterioration. Therefore, we provide a suitable scheme for establishing secure communication between submarine and submarine vehicles.

DOI
10.3390/e21101011

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Considering the ocean water’s optical attenuation is significantly larger than that of Fiber Channel, we propose an approach to enhance the security of underwater continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD). In particular, the photon subtraction operation is performed at the emitter to enhance quantum entanglement, thereby improving the underwater transmission performance of the CVQKD. Simulation results show that the photon subtraction operation can effectively improve the performance of CVQKD in terms of underwater transmission distance. We also compare the performance of the proposed protocol in different water qualities, which shows the advantage of our protocol against water deterioration. Therefore, we provide a suitable scheme for establishing secure communication between submarine and submarine vehicles.
Quantum key distribution with continuous-variable (CVQKD) provides an alternative way for the security improvement of underwater optical communication, but facing into the awkward situation of short distance. For this reason, here we exploit photon addition operation at the emitter into enhancing the performance of underwater CVQKD. Based on numerical simulation, it is shown that applying photon-addition non-Gaussian operation between entangled resource and the sender can further enhance both the secure key rate and the transmission distance, compared to apply photon subtraction operation between entangled resource and the receiver. In addition, the influence of seawater quality factors in underwater CVQKD system is also considered, so as to provide technical support for underwater safety communication.
Abstract We propose a discrete-modulated continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution protocol over a fiber-to-water channel. Different from optical fibers, the underwater channel has more severe optical attenuation because of optical absorption and scattering, which reduces the maximum communication distance. To enhance the performance of the protocol, the photon subtraction operation is implemented at the modulator side. We carry out a performance simulation in two different kinds of seawater channel, and the result shows that the scheme with photon subtraction has a longer secure communication distance under certain conditions.
Considering the ocean water’s optical attenuation and the roughness of the sea surface, we analyze the security of continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) based air-to-water channel. The effects of the absorption and scattering on the transmittance of underwater quantum channel and the maximum secure transmission distance are studied. Considering the roughness of the sea surface, we simulate the performance bounds of CV QKD with different wind speeds using the Monte Carlo method. The results show that even if the secret key rate gradually reduces as the wind speed increases, the maximum transmission distance will not be affected obviously. Compared to the works regarding short-distance underwater optical communication, our research represents a significant step towards establishing secure communication between air platform and submarine vehicle .
A suitable photon-subtraction operation can be exploited to improve the maximal transmission of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) in point-to-point quantum communication. Unfortunately, the photon-subtraction operation faces solving the improvement transmission problem of practical quantum networks, where the entangled source is located in the third part, which may be controlled by a malicious eavesdropper, instead of in one of the trusted parts, controlled by Alice or Bob. In this paper, we show that a solution can come from using a non-Gaussian operation, in particular, the photon-subtraction operation, which provides a method to enhance the performance of entanglement-based (EB) CVQKD. Photon subtraction not only can lengthen the maximal transmission distance by increasing the signal-to-noise rate but also can be easily implemented with existing technologies. Security analysis shows that CVQKD with an entangled source in the middle (ESIM) from applying photon subtraction can well increase the secure transmission distance in both direct and reverse reconciliations of the EB-CVQKD scheme, even if the entangled source originates from an untrusted part. Moreover, it can defend against the inner-source attack, which is a specific attack by an untrusted entangled source in the framework of ESIM.
Underwater quantumkey distribution (QKD) is tough but important formodern underwater communications in an insecure environment. It can guarantee secure underwater communication between submarines and enhance safety for critical network nodes. To enhance the performance of continuous-variable quantumkey distribution (CVQKD) underwater in terms ofmaximal transmission distance and secret key rate as well, we adopt measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum key distribution with the zero-photon catalysis (ZPC) performed at the emitter of one side, which is the ZPC-based MDI-CVQKD. Numerical simulation shows that the ZPC-involved scheme, which is a Gaussian operation in essence, works better than the single photon subtraction (SPS)-involved scheme in the extreme asymmetric case. We find that the transmission of the ZPC-involved scheme is longer than that of the SPS-involved scheme. In addition, we consider the effects of temperature, salinity and solar elevation angle on the system performance in pure seawater. The maximal transmission distance decreases with the increase of temperature and the decrease of sunlight elevation angle, while it changes little over a broad range of salinity.
We propose a continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) scheme based on the atmosphere-to-seawater channel. In particular, an untrusted entanglement source (two modes of the compressed vacuum state, TMSV) is deployed on the surface of the seawater, each mode of TMSV is sent to one of the two legitimate parts, respectively. In this way, we can establish a trans-media CVQKD link between the atmosphere and the underwater. Meanwhile, a suitable non-Gaussian operation, namely photon subtraction, is introduced to enhance the performance of the trans-media CVQKD scheme. Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme can establish a trans-media quantum communication system on the atmosphere-to-seawater channel. Moreover, the maximum transmission distance can be further extended by using proper photon subtraction operation. Our scheme provides a guidance for applying CVQKD to trans-media channels.