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Metamaterial absorber for dual-rail photonic qubit filtering

Anton N. Vetlugin, Salih Yanikgonul, Rongrong Guo, Angelos Xomalis, Giorgio Adamo, Cesare Soci, Nikolay I. Zheludev

Published Mar 13, 2019• 1 citation

Abstract

We demonstrate manipulation of a photonic qubit, encoded in a dual-rail basis, by a plasmonic metamaterial absorber. The metamaterial is designed in a way to transmit a single photon, occupying anti-symmetric superposition of two spatial modes, without losses and to absorb its symmetric superposition completely. Thus, whatever the input state of the dual-rail photon, it can leave the absorber in anti-symmetric state only. Probability to pass through the absorber is defined by the amplitude of the anti-symmetric part in the input photon state. To verify this phenomenon, we assembled actively stabilized in-fibre quantum network containing fully-fiberized metamaterial package. By altering the input state of the photon propagating in the network and passing through metamaterial, we measure the output state of the photon and show that it is coherent and does not depend on the input state of the photon. By varying the input state, we also affect the probability of the photon to pass through the absorber. All the results are in a good agreement with the above discussion. We notice, that absorber can be designed in an opposite way: to transmit symmetric state and to absorb anti-symmetric one. Proposed devices can be employed in quantum computation schemes with dual-rail encoding as well as in other protocols of quantum information, operating with single photons or weak coherent states.

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We demonstrate manipulation of a photonic qubit, encoded in a dual-rail basis, by a plasmonic metamaterial absorber. The metamaterial is designed in a way to transmit a single photon, occupying anti-symmetric superposition of two spatial modes, without losses and to absorb its symmetric superposition completely. Thus, whatever the input state of the dual-rail photon, it can leave the absorber in anti-symmetric state only. Probability to pass through the absorber is defined by the amplitude of the anti-symmetric part in the input photon state. To verify this phenomenon, we assembled actively stabilized in-fibre quantum network containing fully-fiberized metamaterial package. By altering the input state of the photon propagating in the network and passing through metamaterial, we measure the output state of the photon and show that it is coherent and does not depend on the input state of the photon. By varying the input state, we also affect the probability of the photon to pass through the absorber. All the results are in a good agreement with the above discussion. We notice, that absorber can be designed in an opposite way: to transmit symmetric state and to absorb anti-symmetric one. Proposed devices can be employed in quantum computation schemes with dual-rail encoding as well as in other protocols of quantum information, operating with single photons or weak coherent states.

Today's most widely used method of encoding quantum information in optical qubits is the dual-rail basis, often carried out through the polarisation of a single photon. On the other hand, many stationary carriers of quantum information - such as atoms - couple to light via the single-rail encoding in which the qubit is encoded in the number of photons. As such, interconversion between the two encodings is paramount in order to achieve cohesive quantum networks. In this paper, we demonstrate this by generating an entangled resource between the two encodings and using it to teleport a dual-rail qubit onto its single-rail counterpart. Our results yield an average fidelity of

\mathcal{F}= (92.8\pm2.2)\%

for the teleportation and

\mathcal{F}= (89.7\pm2.1)\%

for entanglement swapping, thus confirming the applicability of this scheme for a real-world implementation. This work completes the set of tools necessary for the interconversion between the three primary encodings of the qubit in the optical field: single-rail, dual-rail and continuous-variable.

Today's most widely used method of encoding quantum information in optical qubits is the dual-rail basis, often carried out through the polarisation of a single photon. On the other hand, many stationary carriers of quantum information – such as atoms – couple to light via the single-rail encoding in which the qubit is encoded in the number of photons. As such, interconversion between the two encodings is paramount in order to achieve cohesive quantum networks. In this paper, we demonstrate this by generating an entangled resource between the two encodings and using it to teleport a dual-rail qubit onto its single-rail counterpart. This work completes the set of tools necessary for the interconversion between the three primary encodings of the qubit in the optical field: single-rail, dual-rail and continuous-variable.

We investigate schemes for conversion between qubits encoded into superpositions of vacuum and single-photon states and qubits encoded into states of single photons. The analyzed schemes combine linear optics, homodyne or heterodyne detection, single-photon detection, and electro-optical feedforward, and are designed to be suitable for signals with arbitrary temporal profiles. To achieve perfect conversion, quantum filtering is utilized based on conditioning on no-clicks of single-photon detectors, which makes the conversion probabilistic. High-quality conditional conversion is nevertheless possible even without single-photon detectors, by conditioning on outcomes of a homodyne or heterodyne detector. Deterministic high-quality conversion of dual-rail qubits to single-rail qubits is possible with an array of homodyne detectors where the phases of the measured quadratures are controlled by a feedforward scheme, which represents an alternative to conversion via homodyne detection with a real-time continuous feedback [T. C. Ralph, A. P. Lund, and H. M. Wiseman, J. Opt. B 7, S245 (2005)].