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Infinite Dimensional Analysis Quantum Probability and Related Topics

The qq-bit (III): Symmetric q-Jordan–Wigner embeddings

Luigi Accardi, Yun Gang Lu

Published Nov 12, 2018• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We prove that, replacing the left Jordan–Wigner [Formula: see text]-embedding by the symmetric [Formula: see text]-embedding described in Sec. 2, the result of the corresponding central limit theorem changes drastically with respect to those obtained in Ref. 5. In fact, in the former case, for any [Formula: see text], the limit space is precisely the [Formula: see text]-mode Interacting Fock Space (IFS) that realizes the canonical quantum decomposition of the limit classical random variable. In the latter case, this happens if and only if [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, as shown in Sec. 4, the limit classical random variable turns out to coincide with the [Formula: see text]-mode version of the [Formula: see text]-deformed quantum Brownian introduced by Parthasarathy[Formula: see text], and extended to the general context of bi-algebras by Schürman[Formula: see text]. The last section of the paper (Appendix) describes this continuous version in white noise language, leading to a simplification of the original proofs, based on quantum stochastic calculus.

DOI
10.1142/s0219025718500236

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We prove that, replacing the left Jordan–Wigner [Formula: see text]-embedding by the symmetric [Formula: see text]-embedding described in Sec. 2, the result of the corresponding central limit theorem changes drastically with respect to those obtained in Ref. 5. In fact, in the former case, for any [Formula: see text], the limit space is precisely the [Formula: see text]-mode Interacting Fock Space (IFS) that realizes the canonical quantum decomposition of the limit classical random variable. In the latter case, this happens if and only if [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, as shown in Sec. 4, the limit classical random variable turns out to coincide with the [Formula: see text]-mode version of the [Formula: see text]-deformed quantum Brownian introduced by Parthasarathy[Formula: see text], and extended to the general context of bi-algebras by Schürman[Formula: see text]. The last section of the paper (Appendix) describes this continuous version in white noise language, leading to a simplification of the original proofs, based on quantum stochastic calculus.
The [Formula: see text]-bit is the [Formula: see text]-deformation of the [Formula: see text]-bit. It arises canonically from the quantum decomposition of Bernoulli random variables and the [Formula: see text]-parameter has a natural probabilistic and physical interpretation as asymmetry index of the given random variable. The connection between a new type of [Formula: see text]-deformation (generalizing the Hudson–Parthasarathy bosonization technique and different from the usual one) and the Azema martingale was established by Parthasarathy. Inspired by this result, Schürmann first introduced left and right [Formula: see text]-JW-embeddings of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] complex matrices) into the infinite tensor product [Formula: see text], proved central limit theorems (CLT) based on these embeddings in the context of ∗-bi-algebras and constructed a general theory of [Formula: see text]-Levy processes on ∗-bi-algebras. For [Formula: see text], left [Formula: see text]-JW-embeddings define the Jordan–Wigner transformation, used to construct a tensor representation of the Fermi anti-commutation relations (bosonization). For [Formula: see text], they reduce to the usual tensor embeddings that were at the basis of the first quantum CLT due to von Waldenfels. The present paper is the first of a series of four in which we study these theorems in the tensor product context. We prove convergence of the CLT for all [Formula: see text]. The moments of the limit random variable coincide with those found by Parthasarathy in the case [Formula: see text]. We prove that the space where the limit random variable is represented is not the Boson Fock space, as in Parthasarathy, but the monotone Fock space in the case [Formula: see text] and a non-trivial deformation of it for [Formula: see text]. The main analytical tool in the proof is a non-trivial extension of a recently proved multi-dimensional, higher order Cesaro-type theorem. The present paper deals with the standard CLT, i.e. the limit is a single random variable. Paper1 deals with the functional extension of this CLT, leading to a process. In paper2 the left [Formula: see text]-JW–embeddings are replaced by symmetric [Formula: see text]-embeddings. The radical differences between the results of the present paper and those of2 raise the problem to characterize those CLT for which the limit space provides the canonical decomposition of all the underlying classical random variables (see the Introduction, Lemma 4.5 and Sec. 5 of the present paper for the origin of this problem). This problem is solved in the paper3 for CLT associated to states satisfying a generalized Fock property. The states considered in this series have this property.
The fact that any classical random variable with all moments has a quantum decomposition allows to associate to it a family of quantum moments. On the other hand, a classical random variable may have several inequivalent quantum decompositions, which lead to the same classical, but different quantum moments. Even in the simplest Central Limit Theorems (CLT), i.e. those of Bernoulli type, there are examples in which the corresponding quantum moments converge to the canonical quantum moments of the associated classical random variable, and examples in which this is not the case. This poses the problem to find a constructive criterium that characterizes the quantum moments associated to the canonical quantum decomposition (which is unique) with respect to the other ones. Theorem [Formula: see text] of the present paper provides such a criterium. Theorem [Formula: see text] deals with the case when one knows a priori that the quantum moments come from a central limit theorem (the motivation of the present paper arose in this context). It gives only a sufficient condition, but simpler to verify than the necessary and sufficient conditions of Theorem [Formula: see text]. Theorem [Formula: see text] naturally leads to a classification of Interacting Fock Spaces (IFS) into three types. We construct examples showing that all these possibilities can effectively take place. On the way, we prove that all the best known deformations of Heisenberg commutation relations can be obtained as special cases of a general construction within the algebraic approach to the theory of orthogonal polynomials.
This chapter begins with introductions of symmetric Fock space Γ(ℍ) and symmetric Guichardet space Φ(ℍ) of a generic complex Hilbert space ℍ. It is shown that these 2 spaces are actually isomorphic and can and will be used interchangeably throughout the chapter. In particular, the simple and yet useful integral-summation formula (see Theorem (3.2.1)) for the Guichardet space is often employed to establish the essential results in quantum stochastic calculus. It has been shown that the symmetric Fock space (and hence the symmetric Guichadet space) provides a plausible mathematical tool for modeling phenomena in quantum optics or quantum electrodynamics. Many results in the quantum physics and quantum probability literature are actually established based on this concrete model space. When the generic complex Hilbert space ℍ = L 2 (ℝ + ; K) (where K is another complex Hilbert space), the class of exponential vectors along with 3 different types of quantum noise processes, namely, the creation, annihilation, and neutral (or guage) processes, can be introduced. It is shown that the subspace generated by the class of exponential vectors is dense in the Fock space. Therefore, it is convenient to verify the properties that hold for Fock space by verifying the same hold for the class of exponential vectors. Parallel to those of Itô integrals with respect to classical Brownian motion and/or Poisson process, the concepts of a quantum stochastic integral of a operator-valued process (as a member of the Fock space) with respect to each of the above mentioned quantum noise processes are constructed. The quantum stochastic calculus, parallel to those of classical Itô calculus, is developed. The theory of quantum stochastic calculus on the symmetric Fock space due originally to Hudson and Parthasarathy [HP84a] has been the topic of investigation by many researchers in the last 20 years. Much of he material presented in this chapter can be found in the books by Meyer [Mey95], Parthasarathy [Par92] and Attal [Att03].
Quite a few researchers have contributed to the development of quantum stochastic differential equations driven by quantum noises, initiated by Hudson and Parthasarathy [HP84a]. A nonexhaustive list of contributors includes Fagnola and Wills [FW00], [FW03], Obata [Oba97], and Linsay and Skalski [LS10]. Based on the results presented in Chapter 3, this chapter derives and considers a general form of linear (left) and (right) Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic differential equations driven by quantum noises in symmetric Fock space with operator-valued matrices as coefficients. Specifically, it studies the existence and uniqueness of the strong and mild solution processes for both the left and right quantum stochastic differential equations and conditions under which the solution processes are unitary, isometry, co-isometry, and regular. These results make extensive use of the properties of stochastic integral driven by quantum noise and its quantum stochastic calculus in the context of a symmetric Fock space, which was explored in Chapter 3. Various discrete approximation schemes, including Bouten et al. [BvH07], of the left Hudson-Parthasarathy QSDE are also explored for numerical computation. Specifically, it is shown that the solution of the Hudson- Parthasarathy QSDE can be approximated by a sequence of discrete interaction models with decreasing time step. In order to study this problem, discrete interaction models are embedded in a limiting space. This allows one to present strong convergence of the embedded discrete cocycles to the solution of the Hudson-Parthasarathy QSDE. It will be pointed out that the way in which the embedding is done does not affect the proof of the main result for discrete approximations. Examples of a QSDE that is analytically solvable and a QSDE that possesses a mild solution but not a strong solution are also given. QSDE of Hudson-Parthasarathy Type It has been mentioned earlier in Chapter 3 that an open quantum systems treated in this monograph are to be formulated as a quantum system in which the underlined (or the initial) quantum system is perturbed by quantum noises that represent the environment.
In this paper we start with a new detailed construction of the one-mode type q-Lévy-Meixner Fock space [Formula: see text] which serves to obtain the quantum decomposition associated with the q-deformed Lévy-Meixner white noise processes. More precisely, based on the notion of quantum decomposition and the orthogonalization of polynomials of noncommutative q-Lévy-Meixner white noise [Formula: see text], we study the chaos property of the noncommutative L2-space with respect to the vacuum expectation τ. Next, we determine the distribution of the q-Lévy-Meixner operator J(χD) = ⟨ω, χD⟩ and as a consequence we give some useful properties of the q-Lévy-Meixner white noise process.