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International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks

Ghost Metrology with Classical Light – The Story Continues: Ghost Spectroscopy and Ghost Polarimetry

Wolfgang Elsäßer

Published Jul 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Ghost metrology is a measurement modality exploiting correlations of photons. At ICTON 2017 [1], we had demonstrated ghost imaging by using a novel, extremely compact superluminescent diode source based on Amplified Spontaneous Emission and exhibiting photon bunching. Here, we now demonstrate that amplified spontaneous emission light emitted both by a spectrally broad-band semiconductor-based superluminescent diode and an erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) exhibit spectral photon correlations in the spirit of the Hanbury-Brown & Twiss (HBT) experiment, however now in the spectral domain. We then apply these spectral photon correlations within two proof-of-principal ghost spectroscopy experiments, one at an absorption band of trichloromethane (chloroform) at 1214 nm and another one at 1533nm at acetylene (C2H2) reproducing the characteristic absorption features. This ghost spectroscopy work fills the gap of a hitherto missing analogy between the spatial and the spectral domain in classical ghost modalities. Finally, by exploiting polarization correlations of light from an EDFA we succeed in reconstructing a hidden, camouflaged polarization in a ghost polarimetry experiment in close analogy to ghost imaging and ghost spectroscopy. Via these successfully demonstrated results, we are contributing towards a broader dissemination of correlated photon ghost modalities, hence paving the way towards more applications which exploit their favourable advantages.

DOI
10.1109/icton.2019.8840013

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Ghost metrology is a measurement modality exploiting correlations of photons. At ICTON 2017 [1], we had demonstrated ghost imaging by using a novel, extremely compact superluminescent diode source based on Amplified Spontaneous Emission and exhibiting photon bunching. Here, we now demonstrate that amplified spontaneous emission light emitted both by a spectrally broad-band semiconductor-based superluminescent diode and an erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) exhibit spectral photon correlations in the spirit of the Hanbury-Brown & Twiss (HBT) experiment, however now in the spectral domain. We then apply these spectral photon correlations within two proof-of-principal ghost spectroscopy experiments, one at an absorption band of trichloromethane (chloroform) at 1214 nm and another one at 1533nm at acetylene (C2H2) reproducing the characteristic absorption features. This ghost spectroscopy work fills the gap of a hitherto missing analogy between the spatial and the spectral domain in classical ghost modalities. Finally, by exploiting polarization correlations of light from an EDFA we succeed in reconstructing a hidden, camouflaged polarization in a ghost polarimetry experiment in close analogy to ghost imaging and ghost spectroscopy. Via these successfully demonstrated results, we are contributing towards a broader dissemination of correlated photon ghost modalities, hence paving the way towards more applications which exploit their favourable advantages.
We demonstrate wavelength-wavelength correlations of classical broad-band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) photons emitted by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in a wavelength regime around 1530nm. We then apply these classical correlated photons in the framework of a real-world ghost spectroscopy experiment at a wavelength of 1533nm to acetylene (C2H2) reproducing the characteristic absorption features of the C-H stretch and rotational bands. This proof-of-principle experiment confirms the generalization of an ASE source concept offering an attractive light source for classical ghost spectroscopy. It is expected that this will enable further disseminating ghost modality schemes by exploiting classical correlated photons towards applications in chemistry, physics and engineering.
Ghost modalities are by no means ``spooky actions'', but are metrology schemes exploiting intensity correlations of light, based on the fundamentals of quantum optics. The authors demonstrate ghost spectroscopy based on classical photon correlations in the wavelength domain of broad-band light emitted by an ultraminiaturized superluminescent semiconductor diode. Comprehensive proof of principle is provided by a real-world experiment on chloroform at 1214 nm. This demonstrated analogy between ghost imaging and ghost spectroscopy is expected to further fertilize the field, to promote a deeper understanding, and to lead even to other protocols in ghost metrology.
We demonstrate wavelength-wavelength correlations of classical broad-band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) photons emitted by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in a wavelength regime around 1530 nm. We then apply these classical correlated photons in the framework of a real-world ghost spectroscopy experiment at a wavelength of 1533 nm to acetylene ( C 2 H 2 ) reproducing the characteristic absorption features of the C-H stretch and rotational bands. This proof-of-principle experiment confirms the generalization of an ASE source concept offering an attractive light source for classical ghost spectroscopy. It is expected that this will enable further disseminating ghost modality schemes by exploiting classical correlated photons towards applications in chemistry, physics and engineering.
Ghost metrology is a measurement modality exploiting correlation of photons. Recently, we have demonstrated ghost imaging and ghost spectroscopy by exploiting spatial and spectral photon correlations of amplified spontaneous emission light emitted by optoelectronic superluminescent diodes and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Here, we now exploit polarization correlations of so-called unpolarized light. We conceive and realize a novel communication scheme, - Ghost Polarization Communication (GPC) -, between two parties, Alice and Bob, which is based on the ultra-fast correlations of the polarization state of unpolarized classical light emitted by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and which provides a measure of security directly on the physical layer. The light emitted by the EDFA is divided in to a reference arm which remains solely on Bob’s side and an object arm which is sent to Alice, who encodes a message onto the unpolarized light via a half-wave plate and sends it back to Bob. By determining the second-order correlation coefficient g(2) on femtosecond timescale and using an agreed encoding table or keypad he uniquely extracts the message which has been camouflaged within the infinite number of polarization states on the Poincaré sphere. The investigated polarization correlation results are modelled within a theoretical approach based on the Stokes vectors dynamics and a Glauber protocol for g(2) and the experimental results are in excellent agreement with this theory. We conclude with a proof-of-principle demonstration of a message transmitted by GPC and discuss real-world implementation and security issues of the proof-of-principle demonstration.
Quantum opticians usually employ and exploit genuine or modified HBT setups as standard tools for characterizing non-classical states of light. One the one hand, HBT measurements permit to characterize the emission statistics of photonic modes that are, depending on the emitter and on the spatial and spectral features, thermal, poissonnian, sub-poissonnian, or deterministic. On the other hand, auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions, recorded in the single photon counting regime, permit to infer the unique properties of single photon and two photons sources, that are further utilized in quantum communication applications. For instance, when applied to a single photon source, a genuine HBT setup helps qualifying the uniqueness emission feature. Moreover, when applied to a two photon source, a modified HBT setup permits measuring simultaneous emission time correlations, as well as single photon coherence time. During this talk, I will review some situations in which HBT type setups and related measurements are exploited in and for quantum optics or communication experiments.
Ghost imaging is an active technique that implies using a time-varying structured illumination source to image a target without spatially-resolving measurements of the light beam that interacts with the target. Traditionally, a beam splitter is used to create two highly correlated beams, such that the signal interacts with the target and is then measured by a single pixel detector, while the reference is directly measured by a spatially resolving detector. This approach allows to implement ghost imaging in the space domain, nevertheless also temporal and frequency domains can be addressed1,2, allowing to extract the pertinent information. In particular, ghost imaging in the frequency domain has been recently applied to extract spectral information from a target object by means of Fourier Transform Interferometry3,4. In this work we illustrate and discuss the results of interaction-free measurements on an Er3+ doped nonlinear crystal, placed in one arm of an interferometer, obtained by using only non-interacting photons. Our equipment is a wave-guided solid state device, exploiting an integrated quantum photonic circuit that is equivalent to an Asymmetric Nonlinear Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. The experiment was performed by using a 250mW monochromatic 980 nm laser source that allowed exciting an Er:LiNbO3 waveguide, placed in one of the arms of the asymmetric interferometer. The interferograms were obtained by varying the signal in the time domain by using a LiNbO3 undoped waveguide in the opposite branch of the interferometer and recorder with a standard Si p-i-n detector, provided with a pass band filter (975nm ± 25nm) thus blocking all photons except the pump ones. The data were analyzed with conventional Fast Fourier Transform Techniques. The application of this approach allowed to recover information in the frequency domain, in particular, despite the monochromatic characteristics of the detected signal, we could recover the whole spectroscopy of the energy levels of the Er3+ doped crystal. The role of the converted photons was evidenced by the fact that, by using a radiation source that does not interact with the dopant (1320nm Laser), only the line of the source is recovered by the FFT handling of the interferograms. An important aspect to remark is that the obtained spectral distribution addressed also the IR part of the spectrum where the applied detector (Si p-i-n) is blind. In this view, this methodology opens the possibility to extend sensitive spectral measurements in spectral regions where detectors show poor responsivity.