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The Anisotropic Heisenberg Quantum Spin Chain

Hans-Peter Eckle

Published Jul 25, 2019• 0 citations
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Abstract

Abstract This chapter introduces the Heisenberg model, a fully quantum mechanical model that describes the magnetism of localized magnetic moments. The one-dimensional version of the Heisenberg model, the Heisenberg quantum spin chain, provides a good picture of magnetic materials that belong to a class of insulating magnetic materials where the interaction of the magnetic moments in one particular direction is much larger than in the perpendicular directions, and which can be described with high accuracy as quasi- one-dimensional magnets. A detailed description of the Heisenberg quantum spin chain is followed by a discussion of its various special cases, in particular the special case of the anisotropic Heisenberg quantum spin chain, the so-called XXZ quantum spin chain. It considers the solution of eigenvalue problem of this quantum spin and leads to Bethe’s conjecture for the wave function.

DOI
10.1093/oso/9780199678839.003.0013

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Abstract This chapter introduces the Heisenberg model, a fully quantum mechanical model that describes the magnetism of localized magnetic moments. The one-dimensional version of the Heisenberg model, the Heisenberg quantum spin chain, provides a good picture of magnetic materials that belong to a class of insulating magnetic materials where the interaction of the magnetic moments in one particular direction is much larger than in the perpendicular directions, and which can be described with high accuracy as quasi- one-dimensional magnets. A detailed description of the Heisenberg quantum spin chain is followed by a discussion of its various special cases, in particular the special case of the anisotropic Heisenberg quantum spin chain, the so-called XXZ quantum spin chain. It considers the solution of eigenvalue problem of this quantum spin and leads to Bethe’s conjecture for the wave function.
Abstract This chapter verifies the conjecture for the wave function, the Bethe ansatz wave function, of the anisotropic Heisenberg quantum spin chain by examining first the cases for one, two, and three spin deviations. The equations determining the quasi- momenta are the Bethe ansatz equations, now obtained from the coordinate Bethe ansatz. The Bethe ansatz equations derive from the eigenvalue equation in combination with boundary conditions, here periodic boundary conditions. These quasi-momenta also determine the energy eigenvalue. However, solving the Bethe ansatz equations to obtain a particular state requires more considerations. New variables, called rapidities, are useful. The consideration of the thermodynamic limit then allows to extract information about the ground state and low-lying excitations of the anisotropic quantum spin chain from the Bethe ansatz equations. Furthermore, complex solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations, called strings, are considered.
Since the Heisenberg spin chain can be considered the simplest realistic model of magnetism, surprise and some degree of controversy have resulted from recent work of Haldane. The prediction is that quantum spin chains with half-integer spin should all display T=0 phase behavior equivalent to that of the Bethe Ansatz integrable (solvable) spin-1/2 quantum chain. More remarkably, the class of integer spin chains is predicted to show very different phase behavior. In particular, a gap should be present in the spectrum of a Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain. This remarkable feature is counterintuitive in terms of accepted wisdom in magnetism (spin-wave theory, spin-Peierls theory) and critical phenomena. Consequently the vertification of the prediction is of great interest. A considerable amount of numerical work has been done, involving finite-chain, finite-size scaling, variational, Monte Carlo and other calculations, which will be reviewed here. The present consensus is that the weight of numerical evidence supports the prediction, although puzzling features still remain. Adding additional interactions to the basic Heisenberg Hamiltonian such as spin (XXZ) anisotropy, single-ion anisotropy, biquadratic exchange, and an applied magnetic field, generates a rich and complicated phase diagram for chains with spin >1/2, particularly for the case of integer spin. The s=1 phase diagram seems to display critical behavior of a type not previously encountered. A theoretical appraisal of the Haldane phenomenon will include a discussion of the possible role of nonintegrability. Mention will also be made of current progress in experimental investigation of the phenomenon, including problems that might be encountered. More recent work of Affleck has greatly generalized the field-theoretic mappings which underlay the original work of Haldane. A number of interesting problems have been mapped into quantum spin chains of various types, including field theoretic phenomena and the localization problem of the quantum Hall effect.
The spin S = 1 Heisenberg chain is an interesting object. First of all, as we have already discussed in Part III, spin chains with integer and half-integer spins have very different low energy properties. The results of Chapter 16 suggest that chains with integer spin have a spectral gap which is generated dynamically. The fact that there are many experimental realizations of quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnets with S = 1 makes the situation even more interesting. The most well studied compound is Ni(C 2 H 8 N 2 ) 2 NO 2 (ClO 4 ), abbreviated as NENP. Localized spins belong to magnetic Ni ions and all the other ingredients are necessary just to arrange them into well separated chains. The experiments show that there is indeed a spectral gap (Aijro et al. , 1989; Renard et al. , 1987; see Fig. 36.1). This gap is not very small in comparison with the bandwidth, but one can still hope that the continuum description is good enough. The Monte Carlo simulations give for the spin S = 1 Heisenberg chain the ratio of the correlation length to the lattice spacing ξ/ a = 6.2 (Nomura, 1989) which can still be treated as a large number. There is another intriguing fact about the S =1 Heisenberg chain which makes it attractive for a theorist. It is the presence of a hidden, so-called topological order. This feature puts this theory in a much broader context of spin liquids , magnetically disordered systems with a hidden order. Spin ladder The spin S = 1 Heisenberg chain can be described as a limiting case of two ferromagnetically coupled S = 1/2 chains. The problem of coupled chains (so-called spin ladders ) is interesting in its own right.
Introduction to Integrable Many-Body Systems II This is the second part of a three-volume introductory course about integrable systems of interacting bodies. The models of interest are quantum spin chains with nearest-neighbor interactions between spin operators, in particular Heisenberg spin-1/2 models. The Ising model in a transverse field, expressible as a quadratic fermion form by using the Jordan-Wigner transformation, is the subject of Sect. 12. The derivation of the coordinate Bethe ansatz for the XXZ Heisenberg chain and the determination of its absolute ground state in various regions of the anisotropy parameter are presented in Sect. 13. The magnetic properties of the ground state are explained in Sect. 14. Sect. 15 concerns excited states and the zero-temperature thermodynamics of the XXZ model. The thermodynamics of the XXZ Heisenberg chain is derived on the basis of the string hypothesis in Sect. 16; the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations are analyzed in high-temperature and low-temperature limits. An alternative derivation of the thermodynamics without using strings, leading to a non-linear integral equation determining the free energy, is the subject of Sect. 17. A nontrivial application of the Quantum Inverse Scattering method to the fully anisotropic XYZ Heisenberg chain is described in Sect. 18. Sect. 19 deals with integrable cases of isotropic spin chains with an arbitrary spin.