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Propriedades espaciais e de frequência e um estudo da pureza e fidelidade do estado quântico gerado na conversão paramétrica descendente em cristais uniaxiais

Alexandre Gutenberg da Costa Moura

Published Mar 19, 2010• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this work we investigate the spatial and frequency properties of the two-photon estates generated by spontaneous parametric down- conversion in uniaxial crystals of arbitrary length. As a basic tool we use Fourier optics in birefringent media. We present a detailed study of the Fourier optics in uniaxial anisotropic media of finite length. We determinethe quantum states generated in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion, considering the anisotropy of the non-linear crystal. We study in detail the transfer of properties from pump beam to the two-photon state and its dependence on anisotropy. We use this state to study the purity and entanglement in polarization, and its dependence with the crystal length, pump beam divergence, detector angular aperture and frequency bandwidth

Related papers

Estados emaranhados de Qubits e Qudits criados com pares de fótons produzidos na conversão paramétrica descendente

Leonardo Teixeira-Neves

In this thesis, we explore the properties of photons generated by parametric down-conversion (PDC) and entangled in continuous variables of transverse momentum, with the aim of using this degree of freedom for developing a new method for generating en-tangled states in discrete and multidimensional spaces. Such states have a great potential for applications in fundamental problems of quantum mechanics as well as in quantum information protocols. Our study is based on the theory of angular spectrum transfer from the laser beam tothe two-photon state, proposed and demonstrated by Monken, Souto Ribeiro and P Ladua [Phys. Rev. A 57, 3123 (1998)]. Using it, we investigate theoretically the evolution of the quantum state of photon pairs when they propagate from the crystal and are transmitted through linear optical systems like lenses and apertures. The two-photon state is calculated when there is only one optical system in the path of each photon and we also discuss the generalization of the method employed in the calculation, for more complex experiments. With the two-photon state obtained, we propose a method for generating entangledstates of qubits (two-dimensional quantum systems) and qudits (D-dimensional quantum systems), using the transverse momentum of photons from PDC. The method is based on the selection of specific transverse spatial modes of each photon, by using an array of D-slits (D . 2) in the path of these photons. In this method we have the control of the dimension, D, of each qudit and also the degree of entanglement between them, by manipulating the transverse laser beam profile, which is due to the transfer of angular spectrum. In order to test the theory, we make an experiment for a specific case, which has a great interest in practical applications of entanglement: we demonstrate the generation of maximally entangled states of qudits with D = 4 and D = 8. The quantum character of the correlations is assured qualitatively by measuring two-photon interference patterns with conditional fringes. We also investigate the propagation of these entangled states of qudits through free space and with a simple experiment we show that they can be distributed for distant and spatially separated parts, keeping the correlations. Finally, we perform an experiment for quantifying entanglement in this type of state that we are producing. In this work, we restrict ourselves to the simplest case of two qubits. We prepare different states by manipulating the transverse laser beam profile and their degree of entanglement is measured in two ways: (i) through the degree ofconditionality of the two-photon interference patterns and (ii) through the measurement of marginal probability. We discuss the extension of the method (i) for two-qudit states.

•Sep 25, 2006•0 citations

Quantum spiral bandwidth of entangled two-photon states

Juan P. Torres, A. Alexandrescu, Lluís Torner

We put forward the concept of quantum spiral bandwidth of the spatial mode function of the two-photon entangled state generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion. We obtain the bandwidth using the eigenstates of the orbital angular momentum of the biphoton states, and reveal its dependence with the length of the down-converting crystals and waist of the pump beam. The connection between the quantum spiral bandwidth and the entropy of entanglement of the quantum state is discussed.

arXiv:quant-ph/0306105•Physical Review A•Nov 19, 2003•248 citations

Pump Spectral Bandwidth, Birefringence, and Entanglement in Type‐II Parametric Down Conversion

Daniel B. Erenso

The twin photons produced by a type‐II spontaneous parametric down conversion are well know as a potential source of photons for quantum teleportation due to the strong entanglement in polarization. This strong entanglement in polarization, however, depends on the spectral composition of the pump photon and the nature of optical isotropy of the crystal. By exact numerical calculation of the concurrence, we have shown that how pump photons spectral width and the birefringence nature of the crystal directly affect the degree of polarization entanglement of the twin photons.

International Journal of Optics•Jan 1, 2009•2 citations

Transfer of angular spectrum and image formation in spontaneous parametric down-conversion

Carlos Henrique Monken, P. H. Souto Ribeiro, Sebastião Pádua

We show that the two-photon state generated in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a thin crystal carries information about the angular spectrum of the pump beam. This information transfer allows one to control the transverse correlation properties of the down-converted fields by manipulating the pump field, with consequences for a broad class of experiments. The effect is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally, in connection with the formation of fourth-order images by the down-converted beams.

Physical Review A•Apr 1, 1998•350 citations

Transverse spatial and frequency properties of two-photon states generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion

Alexandre Gutenberg da Costa Moura, W. A. T. Nogueira, Stephen Patrick Walborn +1 more

We present a detailed account of the two-photon states generated by SPDC in both type I and type II phase matching, including the effects of anisotropy of the nonlinear medium and the frequency spread of the down-converted fields. Accurate as well as simplified expressions are derived for type I and type II phase matching in the context of Fourier Optics. The main results are compared with experimental data available in the literature, showing good agreement in all cases.

arXiv:0806.4624•Jun 27, 2008•2 citations

Phase matching in β -barium borate crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion

Suman Karan, Shaurya Aarav, Homanga Bharadhwaj +5 more

Abstract Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) is the most widely used process for generating photon pairs entangled in various degrees of freedom such as polarization, time-energy, position-transverse momentum, and angle-orbital angular momentum (OAM). In SPDC, a pump photon interacts with a non-linear optical crystal and splits into two entangled photons called the signal and the idler photons. The SPDC process has been studied extensively in the last few decades for various pump and crystal configurations, and the entangled photon pairs produced by SPDC have been used in numerous experimental studies on quantum entanglement and entanglement-based real-world quantum-information applications. In this tutorial article, we present a thorough study of phase matching in BBO crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion and thereby also investigate the generation of entangled photons in such crystals. First, we present a theoretical derivation of two-photon wavefunction produced by SPDC in the frequency and transverse momentum bases. We then discuss in detail the effects due to various crystal and pump parameters including the length of the crystal, the angle between the optic axis and the pump propagation direction, the pump incidence angle on the crystal surface, the refraction at the crystal surfaces, and the pump propagation direction inside the crystal. These effects are extremely relevant in experimental situations. We then present our numerical and experimental results in order to illustrate how various experimental parameters affect the phase matching and thus the generation of entangled photons. Finally, using the two-photon wavefunction in the transverse wave-vector basis, we show how to derive the two-photon wavefunction in the OAM basis and thereby calculate the two-photon angular Schmidt spectrum. We expect this article to be useful for researchers working in various capacities with entangled photons generated by SPDC in BBO crystals.

arXiv:1810.01184•Journal of Optics•Jun 29, 2020•61 citations
In this work we investigate the spatial and frequency properties of the two-photon estates generated by spontaneous parametric down- conversion in uniaxial crystals of arbitrary length. As a basic tool we use Fourier optics in birefringent media. We present a detailed study of the Fourier optics in uniaxial anisotropic media of finite length. We determinethe quantum states generated in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion, considering the anisotropy of the non-linear crystal. We study in detail the transfer of properties from pump beam to the two-photon state and its dependence on anisotropy. We use this state to study the purity and entanglement in polarization, and its dependence with the crystal length, pump beam divergence, detector angular aperture and frequency bandwidth
In this thesis, we explore the properties of photons generated by parametric down-conversion (PDC) and entangled in continuous variables of transverse momentum, with the aim of using this degree of freedom for developing a new method for generating en-tangled states in discrete and multidimensional spaces. Such states have a great potential for applications in fundamental problems of quantum mechanics as well as in quantum information protocols. Our study is based on the theory of angular spectrum transfer from the laser beam tothe two-photon state, proposed and demonstrated by Monken, Souto Ribeiro and P Ladua [Phys. Rev. A 57, 3123 (1998)]. Using it, we investigate theoretically the evolution of the quantum state of photon pairs when they propagate from the crystal and are transmitted through linear optical systems like lenses and apertures. The two-photon state is calculated when there is only one optical system in the path of each photon and we also discuss the generalization of the method employed in the calculation, for more complex experiments. With the two-photon state obtained, we propose a method for generating entangledstates of qubits (two-dimensional quantum systems) and qudits (D-dimensional quantum systems), using the transverse momentum of photons from PDC. The method is based on the selection of specific transverse spatial modes of each photon, by using an array of D-slits (D . 2) in the path of these photons. In this method we have the control of the dimension, D, of each qudit and also the degree of entanglement between them, by manipulating the transverse laser beam profile, which is due to the transfer of angular spectrum. In order to test the theory, we make an experiment for a specific case, which has a great interest in practical applications of entanglement: we demonstrate the generation of maximally entangled states of qudits with D = 4 and D = 8. The quantum character of the correlations is assured qualitatively by measuring two-photon interference patterns with conditional fringes. We also investigate the propagation of these entangled states of qudits through free space and with a simple experiment we show that they can be distributed for distant and spatially separated parts, keeping the correlations. Finally, we perform an experiment for quantifying entanglement in this type of state that we are producing. In this work, we restrict ourselves to the simplest case of two qubits. We prepare different states by manipulating the transverse laser beam profile and their degree of entanglement is measured in two ways: (i) through the degree ofconditionality of the two-photon interference patterns and (ii) through the measurement of marginal probability. We discuss the extension of the method (i) for two-qudit states.
The twin photons produced by a type‐II spontaneous parametric down conversion are well know as a potential source of photons for quantum teleportation due to the strong entanglement in polarization. This strong entanglement in polarization, however, depends on the spectral composition of the pump photon and the nature of optical isotropy of the crystal. By exact numerical calculation of the concurrence, we have shown that how pump photons spectral width and the birefringence nature of the crystal directly affect the degree of polarization entanglement of the twin photons.
We show that the two-photon state generated in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a thin crystal carries information about the angular spectrum of the pump beam. This information transfer allows one to control the transverse correlation properties of the down-converted fields by manipulating the pump field, with consequences for a broad class of experiments. The effect is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally, in connection with the formation of fourth-order images by the down-converted beams.
Abstract Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) is the most widely used process for generating photon pairs entangled in various degrees of freedom such as polarization, time-energy, position-transverse momentum, and angle-orbital angular momentum (OAM). In SPDC, a pump photon interacts with a non-linear optical crystal and splits into two entangled photons called the signal and the idler photons. The SPDC process has been studied extensively in the last few decades for various pump and crystal configurations, and the entangled photon pairs produced by SPDC have been used in numerous experimental studies on quantum entanglement and entanglement-based real-world quantum-information applications. In this tutorial article, we present a thorough study of phase matching in BBO crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion and thereby also investigate the generation of entangled photons in such crystals. First, we present a theoretical derivation of two-photon wavefunction produced by SPDC in the frequency and transverse momentum bases. We then discuss in detail the effects due to various crystal and pump parameters including the length of the crystal, the angle between the optic axis and the pump propagation direction, the pump incidence angle on the crystal surface, the refraction at the crystal surfaces, and the pump propagation direction inside the crystal. These effects are extremely relevant in experimental situations. We then present our numerical and experimental results in order to illustrate how various experimental parameters affect the phase matching and thus the generation of entangled photons. Finally, using the two-photon wavefunction in the transverse wave-vector basis, we show how to derive the two-photon wavefunction in the OAM basis and thereby calculate the two-photon angular Schmidt spectrum. We expect this article to be useful for researchers working in various capacities with entangled photons generated by SPDC in BBO crystals.