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All-Russian Open Scientific Conference on Radio Wave Propagation (RWP)

Contribution Estimation of Malicious External Modulation into Phase of Multipath Signal

Aidar A. Galiev, Сулимов Амир Ильдарович, Arkadiy V. Karpov, Vadim L. Simatov, Alexey D. Smolyakov

Published Jul 1, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Randomness of channel in wireless communication systems can be used to generate identical copies of secret encryption key at both sides of radio link. Such possibility is based on the channel reciprocity and on randomness of radio propagation paths between the legitimate users, which are unknown to possible adversaries. Users generate identical encryption keys from measurements of random parameters of multipath signal (e.g. carrier phase). In this paper, we investigate experimentally a possibility of malicious manipulation over the received multipath signal if a hostile transmitter emits an imitating pseudo signal, which contains some deterministic imposing modulation. In this case, the adversary forces the phase of the signal received by legal users to follow the external modulation known to him. Experimental dependence of the cross-correlation level between the phase measurements of the legal users and adversary on the power of imposing pseudo signal is presented.

DOI
10.1109/rwp.2019.8810211

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Randomness of channel in wireless communication systems can be used to generate identical copies of secret encryption key at both sides of radio link. Such possibility is based on the channel reciprocity and on randomness of radio propagation paths between the legitimate users, which are unknown to possible adversaries. Users generate identical encryption keys from measurements of random parameters of multipath signal (e.g. carrier phase). In this paper, we investigate experimentally a possibility of malicious manipulation over the received multipath signal if a hostile transmitter emits an imitating pseudo signal, which contains some deterministic imposing modulation. In this case, the adversary forces the phase of the signal received by legal users to follow the external modulation known to him. Experimental dependence of the cross-correlation level between the phase measurements of the legal users and adversary on the power of imposing pseudo signal is presented.
The Wireless Key Distribution is one of the most promising and fast growing areas in modern applied cryptography. This area covers various techniques of secure secret key distribution between two legitimate users who share a common radio channel with unpredictable signal fading in a multipath environment. In essence, the pair of legitimate nodes uses their multipath radio channel as a source of common randomness to establish a shared encryption key. There are a number of studies have been presented in recent publications devoted to experimental implementation of the Wireless Key Distribution using random variations in the received power of fading signal. Despite a number of valuable benefits, there is a much fewer experimental verifications of phase method with all of them are limited to a key distribution within some indoor environments only. Apparently, this is due to the technical difficulties of precise synchronization of legitimate users' equipment to provide coherent carrier phase measurements in a microwave radio frequency range. In this regard, our experiments can be considered as the first experimental verification of secure Wireless Key Distribution by observing random variations in the carrier phase of multipath signal at moving a mobile user within a real outdoor environment. To perform this, we used wireless Internet transmission of concurrent service data to maintain a required level of synchronization of one stationary and one mobile legal nodes. Despite the humble key generation rates we have achieved in practice, our results show possibility of secure wireless key distribution between the base station and mobile subscriber in a cellular communications scenario.
The paper presents the results of experimental distribution of encryption keys based on random carrier phase of fading radio signal measured in a multipath environment. The random bits extraction scheme was proposed and tested in practice. The proposed scheme is universal and applicable to measurements digitizing of any observable random variable. Experimental study of spatial correlation of multipath signal phase in the case of transverse spatial diversity is carried out. Experimental estimation of the key generation rate and the probability of its passive interception at different distances between the legal user and potential eavesdropper are also performed. It is shown that the parameters of bit extraction procedure significantly affect on the performance and security of the key distribution process.
The paper addresses a problem of creating a system for generation and distribution of shared secret encryption key based on the physical properties of multipath radio propagation. A multipath radio channel with reciprocal properties is considered as a source of shared randomness, as the phase of the passed through multipath environment signal becomes unpredictable. The paper presents the results of experimental verification of feasibility of the generation and distribution of shared secret encryption key based on measurements of random phase of a multipath signal. The problem of checking the symmetry of instances of the generated shared encryption key through the exchange of cyclic redundancy codes is considered. The probability of a bit asymmetry of the generated from the experimental phase measurements instances of the shared encryption key is evaluated. The effectiveness of encryption key distribution process is estimated.
Wireless Key Generation exploits randomness of fast fading of a multipath radio channel to create identical copies of a shared encryption key at two communication nodes. A promising way for creating a highly secure key is use of samples of differential phase, which allows to overcome short-term instability of frequency standards and to make key generation devices smaller. This study examines frequency-correlation properties of the multipath channel to justify a feasibility of encryption keys generation with the differential phase method. By computer simulation, frequency autocorrelation functions of the envelope and carrier phase of a multipath radio signal are obtained, and estimates of the channel coherence bandwidth are made for a typical urban propagation environment. For random variations of the differential phase of a two-sine probe signal, a probability distribution is analyzed, its uniformity tests are done, and estimates of Shannon entropy at various frequency separations of the two probing tones are made. An effect of the line-of-sight wave and the number of multipaths on the channel frequency-correlation function and on probabilistic properties of the differential phase is considered.
As a way to ensure security on wireless communication, a secret key agreement scheme exploiting the unique properties of the wireless medium, the reciprocity of radio propagation and the irregularity of multipath fading, is being proposed [1-3]. The method enables two legitimate users to share a secret key without distributing the actual key, by using the radio propagation channel between the two as a common and exclusive source of randomness upon which a secret key could be derived. As an application of this scheme to environments where the radio propagation characteristics are static, a method employing a variable directivity antenna called the ESPAR antenna [4] has been known to be effective. In this method, secret keys are generated from received signal strength indicator (RSSI) sequences of legitimate users. One known problem of this method is that in environments with simple radio propagation characteristics such as a rectangular room of concrete with no fixtures, the strength of the direct wave becomes the dominant factor affecting the fluctuation of the RSSI, thus increasing the chance for eavesdroppers located near the path of such waves to estimate the secret key. Since all previous considerations of the aforementioned scheme has been done with environments where the legitimate users are in line-of-sight, this paper aims to illustrate how the location of eavesdroppers affect the secrecy of keys generated with the scheme, in a radio propagation environment with no clearly dominant wave. The key capacity in respect to the position of the eavesdropper in such environment is shown using computer simulations.
The paper addresses a problem of creating a system for generation and distribution of shared secret encryption key based on the physical properties of multipath radio propagation. A multipath radio channel with reciprocal properties is considered as a source of shared randomness, as the phase of the passed through multipath environment signal becomes unpredictable. The paper presents a general block diagram of encryption key generation process. A method for estimating the rate of common secrete encryption key generation is proposed. An influence of physical parameters of the multipath environment on the encryption key generation rate is considered.