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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Exact distribution of largest Schmidt eigenvalue for quantum entanglement

Satoshi Adachi, Hiroto Kubotani, Mikito Toda

Published Aug 20, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We derive exact analytical formulae for the distribution of the largest Schmidt eigenvalue as an explicit piecewise polynomial with rational coefficients and for its moments as rational numbers by using random matrix theory based on the fixed-trace ensemble in order to study the quantum entanglement. The derivation utilizes a new connection between the multivariate hypergeometric functions and the Painlevé systems. The formulae are compared to numerical experiments performed in the coupled-kicked top system to reveal their sensitivity to the type of underlying dynamics, regular or chaos.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8121/ab3cea

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Consider the model of bipartite entanglement for a random pure state emerging in quantum information and quantum chaos, corresponding to the fixed trace Laguerre unitary ensemble (LUE) in Random Matrix Theory. We focus on correlation functions of Schmidt eigenvalues for the model and prove universal limits of the correlation functions in the bulk and also at the soft and hard edges of the spectrum, as these for the LUE. Further we consider the bounded trace LUE and obtain the same universal limits.

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Abstract We derive exact analytical formulae for the distribution of the largest Schmidt eigenvalue as an explicit piecewise polynomial with rational coefficients and for its moments as rational numbers by using random matrix theory based on the fixed-trace ensemble in order to study the quantum entanglement. The derivation utilizes a new connection between the multivariate hypergeometric functions and the Painlevé systems. The formulae are compared to numerical experiments performed in the coupled-kicked top system to reveal their sensitivity to the type of underlying dynamics, regular or chaos.
We study statistics of entanglement generated by quantum chaotic dynamics. Using an ensemble of the very large number (>/~10(7)) of quantum states obtained from the temporally evolving coupled kicked tops, we verify that the estimated one-body distribution of the squared Schmidt eigenvalues for the quantum chaotic dynamics can agree surprisingly well with the analytical one for the universality class of the random matrices described by the fixed trace ensemble (FTE). In order to quantify this agreement, we introduce the L(1) norm of the difference between the one-body distributions for the quantum chaos and FTE and use it as an indicator of the dynamical randomness. As we increase the scaled coupling constant, the L(1) difference decreases. When the effective Planck constant is not small enough, the decrease saturates, which implies quantum suppression of dynamical randomness. On the other hand, when the effective Planck constant is small enough, the decrease of the L(1) difference continues until it is masked by statistical fluctuation due to finiteness of the ensemble. Furthermore, we carry out two statistical analyses, the χ(2) goodness of fit test and an autocorrelation analysis, on the difference between the distributions to seek for dynamical remnants buried under the statistical fluctuation. We observe that almost all fluctuating deviations are statistical. However, even for well-developed quantum chaos, unexpectedly, we find a slight nonstatistical deviation near the largest Schmidt eigenvalue. In this way, the statistics of Schmidt eigenvalues enables us to measure dynamical randomness of quantum chaos with reference to the random matrix theory of FTE.
We study statistics of entanglement generated by quantum chaotic dynamics. Using an ensemble of the very large number (≳107) of quantum states obtained from the temporally evolving coupled kicked tops, we verify that the estimated one-body distribution of the squared Schmidt eigenvalues for the quantum chaotic dynamics can agree surprisingly well with the analytical one for the universality class of the random matrices described by the fixed trace ensemble (FTE). In order to quantify this agreement, we introduce the L1 norm of the difference between the one-body distributions for the quantum chaos and FTE and use it as an indicator of the dynamical randomness. As we increase the scaled coupling constant, the L1 difference decreases. When the effective Planck constant is not small enough, the decrease saturates, which implies quantum suppression of dynamical randomness. On the other hand, when the effective Planck constant is small enough, the decrease of the L1 difference continues until it is masked by statistical fluctuation due to finiteness of the ensemble. Furthermore, we carry out two statistical analyses, the χ2 goodness of fit test and an autocorrelation analysis, on the difference between the distributions to seek for dynamical remnants buried under the statistical fluctuation. We observe that almost all fluctuating deviations are statistical. However, even for well-developed quantum chaos, unexpectedly, we find a slight nonstatistical deviation near the largest Schmidt eigenvalue. In this way, the statistics of Schmidt eigenvalues enables us to measure dynamical randomness of quantum chaos with reference to the random matrix theory of FTE.
We analyze the properties of entangled random pure states of a quantum system partitioned into two smaller subsystems of dimensions N and M. Framing the problem in terms of random matrices with a fixed-trace constraint, we establish, for arbitrary N≤M, a general relation between the n-point densities and the cross moments of the eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix, i.e., the so-called Schmidt eigenvalues, and the analogous functionals of the eigenvalues of the Wishart-Laguerre ensemble of the random matrix theory. This allows us to derive explicit expressions for two-level densities, and also an exact expression for the variance of von Neumann entropy at finite N,M. Then, we focus on the moments E{K^{a}} of the Schmidt number K, the reciprocal of the purity. This is a random variable supported on [1,N], which quantifies the number of degrees of freedom effectively contributing to the entanglement. We derive a wealth of analytical results for E{K^{a}} for N=2 and 3 and arbitrary M, and also for square N=M systems by spotting for the latter a connection with the probability P(x_{min}^{GUE}≥sqrt[2N]ξ) that the smallest eigenvalue x_{min}^{GUE} of an N×N matrix belonging to the Gaussian unitary ensemble is larger than sqrt[2N]ξ. As a by-product, we present an exact asymptotic expansion for P(x_{min}^{GUE}≥sqrt[2N]ξ) for finite N as ξ→∞. Our results are corroborated by numerical simulations whenever possible, with excellent agreement.
Consider the model of bipartite entanglement for a random pure state emerging in quantum information and quantum chaos, corresponding to the fixed trace Laguerre unitary ensemble (LUE) in Random Matrix Theory. We focus on correlation functions of Schmidt eigenvalues for the model and prove universal limits of the correlation functions in the bulk and also at the soft and hard edges of the spectrum, as these for the LUE. Further we consider the bounded trace LUE and obtain the same universal limits.