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Chinese Physics B

The upper bound function of nonadiabatic dynamics in parametric driving quantum systems*

Lin Zhang, Junpeng Liu

Published Aug 1, 2019• 2 citations

Abstract

The adiabatic control is a powerful technique for many practical applications in quantum state engineering, light-driven chemical reactions and geometrical quantum computations. This paper reveals a speed limit of nonadiabatic transition in a general time-dependent parametric quantum system that leads to an upper bound function which lays down an optimal criteria for the adiabatic controls. The upper bound function of transition rate between instantaneous eigenstates of a time-dependent system is determined by the power fluctuations of the system relative to the minimum gap between the instantaneous levels. In a parametric Hilbert space, the driving power corresponds to the quantum work done by the parametric force multiplying the parametric velocity along the parametric driving path. The general two-state time-dependent models are investigated as examples to calculate the bound functions in some general driving schemes with one and two driving parameters. The calculations show that the upper bound function provides a tighter real-time estimation of nonadiabatic transition and is closely dependent on the driving frequencies and the energy gap of the system. The deviations of the real phase from Berry phase on different closed paths are induced by the nonadiabatic transitions and can be efficiently controlled by the upper bound functions. When the upper bound is adiabatically controlled, the Berry phases of the electronic spin exhibit nonlinear step-like behaviors and it is closely related to topological structures of the complicated parametric paths on Bloch sphere.

DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/28/8/080301

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The adiabatic control is a powerful technique for many practical applications in quantum state engineering, light-driven chemical reactions and geometrical quantum computations. This paper reveals a speed limit of nonadiabatic transition in a general time-dependent parametric quantum system that leads to an upper bound function which lays down an optimal criteria for the adiabatic controls. The upper bound function of transition rate between instantaneous eigenstates of a time-dependent system is determined by the power fluctuations of the system relative to the minimum gap between the instantaneous levels. In a parametric Hilbert space, the driving power corresponds to the quantum work done by the parametric force multiplying the parametric velocity along the parametric driving path. The general two-state time-dependent models are investigated as examples to calculate the bound functions in some general driving schemes with one and two driving parameters. The calculations show that the upper bound function provides a tighter real-time estimation of nonadiabatic transition and is closely dependent on the driving frequencies and the energy gap of the system. The deviations of the real phase from Berry phase on different closed paths are induced by the nonadiabatic transitions and can be efficiently controlled by the upper bound functions. When the upper bound is adiabatically controlled, the Berry phases of the electronic spin exhibit nonlinear step-like behaviors and it is closely related to topological structures of the complicated parametric paths on Bloch sphere.

For adiabatic controls of quantum systems, the nonadiabatic transitions are reduced by increasing the operation time of processes. Perfect quantum adiabaticity usually requires the infinitely slow variation of control parameters. In this paper, we propose the dynamical quantum geometric tensor, as a metric in the control parameter space, to speed up quantum adiabatic processes and reach quantum adiabaticity in relatively short time. The optimal protocol to reach quantum adiabaticity is to vary the control parameter with a constant velocity along the geodesic path according to the metric. For the system initiated from the

n\mathrm{th}

eigenstate, the transition probability in the optimal protocol is bounded by ${P}_{n}(t)\ensuremath{\le}4{\mathcal{L}}_{n}^{2}/{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{2}$ with the operation time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and the quantum adiabatic length

{\mathcal{L}}_{n}

induced by the metric. Our optimization strategy is illustrated via two explicit models: the Landau-Zener model and the one-dimensional transverse Ising model.

Applying time-dependent driving is a basic way of quantum control. Driven systems show various dynamics as its time scale is changed due to the different amount of nonadiabatic transitions. The fast-forward scaling theory enables us to observe slow (or fast) time-scale dynamics during moderate time by applying additional driving. Here we discuss its application to nonadiabatic transitions. We derive mathematical expression of additional driving and also find a formula for calculating it. Moreover, we point out relation between the fast-forward scaling theory for nonadiabatic transitions and shortcuts to adiabaticity by counterdiabatic driving.

Abstract Finite-time periodic control of an open quantum system is governed by the competition between nonadiabatic driving and reservoir-induced relaxation. We study this competition in a driven two-level system weakly coupled to a single thermal reservoir. Using a nonadiabatic time-dependent quantum master equation, we construct the periodic steady state and separate the dissipated work per cycle into population and nonadiabatic contributions in the instantaneous energy basis. The cycle work is nonmonotonic in the driving frequencies studied and is dominated near its maximum by the nonadiabatic contribution. Nonmonotonicity persists in the examined coupling, temperature, and transverse-amplitude scans. At low frequencies, the work recovers the inverse-period scaling of slow-driving thermodynamics. At higher frequencies, the nonadiabatic work rate ceases to grow in proportion to the driving frequency, and the accumulated work per cycle decreases. We also find that, at finite speed, the ratio of the upward and downward transition coefficients is not determined by the instantaneous energy gap alone and obtain the leading correction to instantaneous detailed balance through a short-memory expansion. These results identify how nonadiabatic transitions and relaxation jointly set the thermodynamic cost of sustaining a periodic quantum process.

A stable and fast path linking two arbitrary states of a quantum system is generally required for state-engineering protocols, such as stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, shortcuts to adiabaticity, and holonomic transformation. Such a path is also fundamental to the exact solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. We construct a universal control framework using an ancillary picture, in which the time-dependent Hamiltonian can be diagonalized. Multiple desired paths can be derived by the von Neumann equation for parametric ancillary projection operators. No transition exists among the ancillary basis states during the time evolution. Under various conditions, our control framework reduces to the nonadiabatic holonomic transformation, the Lewis-Riesenfeld theory for invariants, and counterdiabatic driving methods. In addition, it is applicable to the cyclic transfer of system populations that could be a hard problem for existing methods. Our work can provide a full-rank time-evolution operator for a time-dependent quantum system with a finite number of dimensions.

Adiabatic time-optimal quantum controls are extensively used in quantum technologies to break the constraints imposed by short coherence times. However, practically it is crucial to consider the trade-off between the quantum evolution speed and instantaneous energy cost of process because of the constraints in the available control Hamiltonian. Here, we experimentally show that using a transmon qubit that, even in the presence of vanishing energy gaps, it is possible to reach a highly time-optimal adiabatic quantum driving at low energy cost in the whole evolution process. This validates the recently derived general solution of the quantum Zermelo navigation problem, paving the way for energy-efficient quantum control which is usually overlooked in conventional speed-up schemes, including the well-known counter-diabatic driving. By designing the control Hamiltonian based on the quantum speed limit bound quantified by the changing rate of phase in the interaction picture, we reveal the relationship between the quantum speed limit and instantaneous energy cost. Consequently, we demonstrate fast and high-fidelity quantum adiabatic processes by employing energy-efficient driving strengths, indicating a promising strategy for expanding the applications of time-optimal quantum controls in superconducting quantum circuits.

In this work we study the geometrical and topological properties of nonequilibrium quantum systems driven by ac fields. We consider two tunnel-coupled spin qubits driven by either spatially homogeneous or inhomogeneous ac fields. Our analysis is an extension of the classical model introduced by Berry with the addition of the spatial degree of freedom. We calculate the Berry and Aharonov-Anandan geometric phases, and demonstrate the influence of the different field parameters in the geometric properties. We also discuss the topological properties associated with the different driving regimes, and show that by tuning the different parameters one can induce topological phase transitions, even in the nonadiabatic regime.