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IEEE Access

Quantum Wireless Network Private Query With Multiple Third Parties

Na Li, Jian Li, Xiu‐Bo Chen, Yu‐Guang Yang

Published Jan 1, 2019• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

With the development of quantum wireless networks, the practical application of quantum private query (QPQ) should conform to the features of quantum wireless networks to achieve any-to-any query, and QPQ requires a new query mechanism. We first propose a scheme for a network private query in a quantum wireless network with multiple third parties, in which any user can query any database with the assistance of the third parties, by measuring each of the distant nodes that initially share entanglement with each other. The required entanglement among these nodes is established by the third-party intermediate node equipped with GHZ generator using multi-qubit GHZ states. A bilayer network topology, as well as the corresponding private query protocol, ensures the rapid and secure private query. Under the protection of the multi-qubit GHZ state's quantum correlation, the privacy of Alice and Bob is protected from the third parties' fake entangled attack and external attack, and they cannot obtain the privacy of each other by taking quantum memory attack. The performance parameters of the proposed scheme are described based on the analysis of classical wireless communication cost and communication delay.

DOI
10.1109/access.2019.2903823

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With the development of quantum wireless networks, the practical application of quantum private query (QPQ) should conform to the features of quantum wireless networks to achieve any-to-any query, and QPQ requires a new query mechanism. We first propose a scheme for a network private query in a quantum wireless network with multiple third parties, in which any user can query any database with the assistance of the third parties, by measuring each of the distant nodes that initially share entanglement with each other. The required entanglement among these nodes is established by the third-party intermediate node equipped with GHZ generator using multi-qubit GHZ states. A bilayer network topology, as well as the corresponding private query protocol, ensures the rapid and secure private query. Under the protection of the multi-qubit GHZ state's quantum correlation, the privacy of Alice and Bob is protected from the third parties' fake entangled attack and external attack, and they cannot obtain the privacy of each other by taking quantum memory attack. The performance parameters of the proposed scheme are described based on the analysis of classical wireless communication cost and communication delay.
Abstract Quantum private query (QPQ) enables users to extract desired entries from a database without decrypting its content, while simultaneously safeguarding both user query privacy and database security. In this paper, we propose a multi-user QPQ protocol based on Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states, which allows two distant users, Alice 1 and Alice 2 , to jointly query the same database entry. The protocol introduces a semi-trusted third party to prepare and distribute the GHZ states, and employs a bidirectional authentication mechanism to ensure the authenticity of the communicating entities. Security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol effectively resists both internal and external attacks and exhibits resilience against quantum computing attacks. Compared with existing QPQ schemes, the protocol significantly improves user privacy and database security while supporting multi-user collaborative queries.
Abstract In order to protect the privacy of query user and database, some QKD-based quantum private query (QPQ) protocols were proposed. Unfortunately some of them cannot resist internal attack from database perfectly; some others can ensure better user privacy but require a reduction of database privacy. In this paper, a novel two-way QPQ protocol is proposed to ensure the privacy of both sides of communication. In our protocol, user makes initial quantum states and derives the key bit by comparing initial quantum state and outcome state returned from database by ctrl or shift mode instead of announcing two non-orthogonal qubits as others which may leak part secret information. In this way, not only the privacy of database be ensured but also user privacy is strengthened. Furthermore, our protocol can also realize the security of loss-tolerance, cheat-sensitive, and resisting JM attack etc.
The rapid development of telemedicine technology has brought great convenience to people’s lives. Alongside generating great convenience, protecting patients’ privacy has become increasingly important. Therefore, to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a quantum privacy query protocol based on GHZ-like states. The protocol first utilizes existing diagnostic information for classification to encode symptom attributes. Then, the correlation after measurement using GHZ-like entangled states is utilized so that the querying party can only obtain a key message with the assistance of a third party. Through the above operation, the database cannot know the address of the message queried by the querying party, and the querying party is also unable to obtain more information. The protocol not only adds decoy factor detection but also adds the process of authentication while checking for illegal eavesdropping. It makes the protocol sufficiently resistant to joint attacks, participant attacks, and external system credit attacks. This database privacy query protocol ensures that the database service is more effective and its environment is more secure.
A controlled multi-party quantum dialogue scheme in the network based on high dimensional multi-qudit entangled GHZ states is proposed. In our scheme, a semi-honest third party (TP) is introduced to assist the implementation of the scheme. Each user can be thought of as one node in the network and is connected by classical links and quantum links. In the network, multiple users can exchange their private messages with each other simultaneously under the control of TP. With the aid of secure classical channels and quantum channels, the proposed protocol can be ensured with unconditionally security. In addition, our protocol requires single-qudit measurements only which weakens the hardware requirements of network nodes. Compared with previous quantum dialogue protocols, our scheme demonstrates a large operating flexibility.
As a kind of practical protocol, quantum-key-distribution (QKD)-based quantum private queries (QPQs) have drawn lots of attention. However, joint-measurement (JM) attack poses a noticeable threat to the database security in such protocols. That is, by JM attack a malicious user can illegally elicit many more items from the database than the average amount an honest one can obtain. Taking Jacobi et al.'s protocol as an example, by JM attack a malicious user can obtain as many as 500 bits, instead of the expected 2.44 bits, from a 104{10}^{4}104-bit database in one query. It is a noticeable security flaw in theory, and would also arise in application with the development of quantum memories. To solve this problem, we propose a QPQ protocol based on a two-way QKD scheme, which behaves much better in resisting JM attack. Concretely, the user Alice cannot get more database items by conducting JM attack on the qubits because she has to send them back to Bob (the database holder) before knowing which of them should be jointly measured. Furthermore, JM attack by both Alice and Bob would be detected with certain probability, which is quite different from previous protocols. Moreover, our protocol retains the good characters of QKD-based QPQs, e.g., it is loss tolerant and robust against quantum memory attack.
Quantum private query (QPQ) is a cryptographic application that protects the privacy of both users and databases while querying the database secretly. In most existing QPQ protocols, the protection of user privacy can only be cheat-sensitive. Cheat-sensitive means that Bob will be found later with a certain probability if he tries to get the address queried by Alice. On the premise of cheat-sensitivity, although Alice can discover Bob’s malicious behavior after a query (transaction), the secret information of Alice was leaked in the completed query, which is likely to be a fatal blow to Alice. Or, to prevent Bob’s malicious behavior, Alice executes one or more additional queries to test Bob’s honesty. However, to bypass Alice’s honesty test, Bob can also provide several honest queries before performing dishonest queries. Therefore, cheat-sensitive should not be the ultimate goal of user privacy protection in QPQ. In this paper, we propose a practical QKD-based QPQ protocol with better user privacy protection than cheat-sensitivity based on order rearrangement of qubits. The proposed QPQ protocol can resist the Trojan horse attack even without wavelength filter and photon number splitter (PNS) equipped with auxiliary monitoring detectors.