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Optics and Spectroscopy

Sub-Doppler Resonances Caused by Rabi Oscillations on Atomic Transitions in Thin Gas Cells

А. Ч. Измайлов

Published Jun 1, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Excitation of atoms from the ground quantum level to a metastable state by traveling monochromatic radiation in a thin gas cell, the internal thickness of which is much smaller than its radius, is studied theoretically. Sub-Doppler resonances are detected and analyzed that arise in the population of a metastable atomic level due to light-induced Rabi oscillations on a given optical transition and specific features of transit-time relaxation of atoms in a considered cell with a rarified gas upon scanning the radiation frequency. Such nontrivial resonances can be recorded in fluorescence of atoms with the help of an additional probe light beam. A method is proposed for a direct measurement of the Rabi frequency from spectral intervals between detected sub-Doppler resonances. The results obtained can be applied in atomic spectroscopy for the precision determination of components of dipole moment matrix elements, as well as for the Einstein coefficients and oscillator strengths related to these components, for quantum transitions between the ground and metastable levels of atoms.

DOI
10.1134/s0030400x19060110

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Abstract Excitation of atoms from the ground quantum level to a metastable state by traveling monochromatic radiation in a thin gas cell, the internal thickness of which is much smaller than its radius, is studied theoretically. Sub-Doppler resonances are detected and analyzed that arise in the population of a metastable atomic level due to light-induced Rabi oscillations on a given optical transition and specific features of transit-time relaxation of atoms in a considered cell with a rarified gas upon scanning the radiation frequency. Such nontrivial resonances can be recorded in fluorescence of atoms with the help of an additional probe light beam. A method is proposed for a direct measurement of the Rabi frequency from spectral intervals between detected sub-Doppler resonances. The results obtained can be applied in atomic spectroscopy for the precision determination of components of dipole moment matrix elements, as well as for the Einstein coefficients and oscillator strengths related to these components, for quantum transitions between the ground and metastable levels of atoms.
Theoretical research is carried out of excitation of atoms from the ground quantum level to a metastable state by the running monochromatic radiation in thin gas cell, whose inner thickness is much less than its radius. As a result, sub-Doppler resonances has been discovered and analyzed, which appear in the population of the metastable atomic level at scan of the radiation frequency because of light induced Rabi oscillation on the given optical transition and also transit relaxation of atoms in the considered cell with the rarefied gas. Such nontrivial resonances may be detected in atomic fluorescence by additional probe light beam. The method for direct measurement of the Rabi frequency on spectral intervals between established sub-Doppler resonances is proposed. Obtained results may be applied in atomic spectroscopy for precise determination of components of matrix elements of dipole moments and related Einstein coefficients and oscillator strengths of quantum transitions between ground and metastable atomic levels.
This work continues a theoretical investigation of the capabilities of the well-known method based on using a monochromatic probe light beam in combination with optical pumping of atoms (molecules) of a rarefied-gas medium by a broadband radiation in a thin cell the diameter of which is much larger than its internal thickness. In contrast to calculations carried out in the previous publications on this method of spectroscopy, here, we consider the case of arbitrary values of pump intensity and thickness of a cylindrical gas cell. Thus, all the possible mechanisms and specificities of velocity selection of atoms in optically excited levels caused by transit-time relaxation of such atoms in gas cells of this kind are analyzed. Within the framework of this approach, sub-Doppler absorption resonances of the probe light beam corresponding to quantum transitions from the upper level excited by optical pumping are investigated. The obtained results can be used in high-resolution spectroscopy of atoms (molecules), as well as for laser-frequency stabilization to established narrow spectral resonances.
A theoretical investigation is carried out through the interaction of the plane running monochromatic light wave, having an arbitrary intensity, with atoms (molecules) of a rarefied gas in the plane cell (at the normal incidence of the wave). Cases of closed and open resonance transitions from the non-degenerate ground (or metastable) quantum level are considered. Possible sub-Doppler resonances are analysed in the wave absorption, caused by the transient establishment of the optical coherence on the transition, Rabi oscillations between its levels, and optical pumping during the free flights of particles between the walls of the cell. Results of the previous works on given problems are generalized, which were obtained at definite restrictions on the wave intensity and cell length. Moreover, non-trivial sub-Doppler spectral structures, resulting as a consequence of the dependence of the absorption saturation on the transit relaxation of particles, have been established and investigated. Such structures may consist of a number of peaks and dips caused by Rabi oscillations between the transition levels. The results obtained can be used in sub-Doppler spectroscopy and for the stabilization of laser frequencies in thin gas cells.
On the basis of density matrix equations, we theoretically investigated narrow sub-Doppler resonances in the spectral distribution of a number of atomic particles (atoms or molecules) optically excited in a metastable state in an ultrathin gas cell with the inner thickness less than or of the order of the wavelength λ ≤ 1 μm of the monochromatic light wave incident in the normal direction. Essential dependence of these resonances (on the center of the optical transition) was analyzed versus the inner thickness and transversal size of such a gas cell and also versus the intensity of the incident wave. Investigated resonances may be applied as references in high-accuracy optical frequency standards and for high precision measurements.
Abstract A method of sub-Doppler spectroscopy is proposed, based on the peculiarities of narrowing over time of the velocity distribution of optically excited atoms (molecules) of a rarefied gas medium in a thin cell after exposure to a sufficiently short pulse of broadband radiation. Recording of narrow sub-Doppler resonances at the central frequencies of quantum transitions from the atomic state excited by such a pump pulse is carried out by subsequent probe monochromatic light pulses. The optimal conditions for the implementation of this spectroscopy method occur when the radiation decay time of an optically excited atomic level exceeds the characteristic time of flight of atoms between the walls of the thin cell under consideration, the inner thickness of which is many times smaller than its transverse dimensions.
By analogy with the well-tested method of high-resolution spectroscopy in thin gas cells for the processes of optical pumping of atoms, this work shows the possibility of detecting narrow sub-Doppler optical resonances caused directly by straight photoionization of atoms (or molecules) in such cells. The structure of the established nontrivial resonances substantially depends on the probability of photoionization of atoms and dimensions of such a cell, the internal thickness of which is many times smaller than its diameter. Of particular interest is the broadening of the considered sub-Doppler resonances, which is determined directly by the photoionization cross section of atoms and the intensity of radiation causing ionization. Under certain conditions, such photoionization broadening can be measured experimentally with high accuracy, as a result of which it is possible to obtain new important information about ionization processes in atoms and molecules. Keywords: sub-Doppler resonances, photoionization of atoms, thin gas cell, transit-time relaxation of atoms.