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Frontiers in Optics

High speed self-testing quantum random number generation without detection loophole

Yang Liu, Xiao Yuan, Minghan Li, Weijun Zhang, Qi Zhao, Jiaqiang Zhong, Yuan Wen Cao, Yu-Huai Li, Luo-Kan Chen, Hao Li, Tianyi Peng, Yu-Ao Chen, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Sheng‐Cai Shi, Zhen Wang, Lixing You, Xiongfeng Ma, Jingyun Fan, Qiang Zhang, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Jan 1, 2017• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate a self-testing quantum random number generation based on an detection-loophole free Bell test with entangled photons. We achieve a final random bit rate of 114 bits/s, with a failure probability less than 10−5.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2017.fth2e.1

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•Jan 1, 2020•24 citations
Quantum mechanics provides the means of generating genuine randomness that is impossible with deterministic classical processes. Remarkably, the unpredictability of randomness can be certified in a manner that is independent of implementation devices. Here, we present an experimental study of device-independent quantum random number generation based on a detection-loophole-free Bell test with entangled photons. In the randomness analysis, without the independent identical distribution assumption, we consider the worst case scenario that the adversary launches the most powerful attacks against the quantum adversary. After considering statistical fluctuations and applying an 80 Gb×45.6 Mb Toeplitz matrix hashing, we achieve a final random bit rate of 114 bits/s, with a failure probability less than 10^{-5}. This marks a critical step towards realistic applications in cryptography and fundamental physics tests.
We present a source of entangled photons that violates a Bell inequality free of the "fair-sampling" assumption, by over 7 standard deviations. This violation is the first reported experiment with photons to close the detection loophole, and we demonstrate enough "efficiency" overhead to eventually perform a fully loophole-free test of local realism. The entanglement quality is verified by maximally violating additional Bell tests, testing the upper limit of quantum correlations. Finally, we use the source to generate "device-independent" private quantum random numbers at rates over 4 orders of magnitude beyond previous experiments.
Applications of randomness such as private key generation and public randomness beacons require small blocks of certified random bits on demand. Device-independent quantum random number generators can produce such random bits, but existing quantum-proof protocols and loophole-free implementations suffer from high latency, requiring many hours to produce any random bits. We demonstrate device-independent quantum randomness generation from a loophole-free Bell test with a more efficient quantum-proof protocol, obtaining multiple blocks of 512 random bits with an average experiment time of less than 5 min per block and with a certified error bounded by 2^{-64}≈5.42×10^{-20}.
Self-testing and semi-device independent protocols are becoming the preferred choice for quantum technologies, being able to certify their quantum nature with few assumptions and simple experimental implementations. In particular, for quantum random number generators, the possibility of monitoring, in real time, the entropy of the source only by measuring the input/output statistics is a characteristic that no other classical system could provide. The cost of this possibility is not necessarily increased complexity and reduced performance. Indeed, here we show that with a simple optical setup consisting of commercially available components, a high bit generation rate can be achieved. We manage to certify 145.5 MHz of quantum random bit generation rate.
Self-testing and semi-device independent protocols are becoming the preferred choice for quantum technologies, being able to certify their quantum nature with few assumptions and simple experimental implementations. In particular, for quantum random number generators, the possibility of monitoring, in real time, the entropy of the source only by measuring the input/output statistics is a characteristic that no other classical system could provide. The cost of this possibility is not necessarily increased complexity and reduced performance. Indeed, here we show that with a simple optical setup consisting of commercially available components, a high bit generation rate can be achieved. We manage to certify 145.5 MHz of quantum random bit generation rate.