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Bloch beamsplitters and dual-lattice methods for atom interferometry

Zachary Pagel, Weicheng Zhong, Richard H. Parker, Christopher T. Olund, Norman Y. Yao, Holger Müller

Published Jul 13, 2019• 5 citations
OpenAlex

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Deep-Lattice Bloch-Band Interferometry for Inertial Sensing

Christian Ordetx

Atom interferometers exploit the wave nature of matter to measure inertial forces with high precision, but conventional light-pulse implementations typically require large free-fall distances and complex optical systems. Bloch-band interferometry offers an alternative architecture in which atoms remain confined within an optical lattice and interferometric operations are implemented through controlled transitions between Bloch bands. This thesis investigates Bloch-band interferometry with particular emphasis on robustness to phase decoherence and operation in the deep-lattice regime. The work begins with multi-well models that provide intuition for tunneling, interference, and phase coherence. Phase scrambling was introduced to model loss of coherence, demonstrating that interference contrast is reduced but not eliminated. These insights motivated a full momentum-space simulation of a Bloch-band Michelson interferometer, including splitting, transport, reflection, and recombination. Acceleration scans with site-to-site phase randomness showed that interferometric fringes and sensitivity persist even with reduced coherence. Building on this robustness, Bloch-band interferometry was extended to a deep optical lattice with depth of 27 times the recoil energy. Higher Bloch bands were used to define interferometric pathways, and machine-learned shaking functions were implemented to realize beamsplitter and mirror operations. The resulting deep-lattice interferometer exhibits acceleration-dependent population fringes and measurable sensitivity. To our knowledge, this work presents the first exploration of Bloch-band interferometry in the deep-lattice regime and demonstrates the first realization of a deep-lattice Bloch-band interferometer for inertial sensing. These results suggest that Bloch-band interferometry can remain operational in regimes approaching the insulating limit, providing a potential route toward compact and robust quantum inertial sensors.

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Continuously trapped matter-wave interferometry in magic Floquet-Bloch band structures

Xiao Chai, Eber Nolasco-Martinez, Xuanwei Liang +8 more

Trapped matter-wave interferometry offers the promise of compact high-precision local force sensing. However, noise in the trap itself can introduce new systematic errors which are absent in traditional free-fall interferometers. We describe and demonstrate an intrinsically noise-tolerant Floquet-engineered platform for continuously trapped atom interferometry. A non-interacting degenerate quantum gas undergoes position-space Bloch oscillations through an amplitude-modulated optical lattice, whose resulting Floquet-Bloch band structure includes Landau-Zener beamsplitters and Bragg mirrors, forming the components of a Mach-Zehnder interferometric force sensor. We identify, realize, and experimentally characterize magic band structures, analogous to the magic wavelengths employed in optical lattice clocks, for which the interferometric phase is insensitive to lattice intensity noise. We leverage the intrinsic programmability of the Floquet band synthesis approach to demonstrate a variety of interferometer structures, highlighting the potential of this technique for quantum force sensors which are tunable, compact, simple, and robust.

Nature Communications•Feb 9, 2026•3 citations
Atom interferometers exploit the wave nature of matter to measure inertial forces with high precision, but conventional light-pulse implementations typically require large free-fall distances and complex optical systems. Bloch-band interferometry offers an alternative architecture in which atoms remain confined within an optical lattice and interferometric operations are implemented through controlled transitions between Bloch bands. This thesis investigates Bloch-band interferometry with particular emphasis on robustness to phase decoherence and operation in the deep-lattice regime. The work begins with multi-well models that provide intuition for tunneling, interference, and phase coherence. Phase scrambling was introduced to model loss of coherence, demonstrating that interference contrast is reduced but not eliminated. These insights motivated a full momentum-space simulation of a Bloch-band Michelson interferometer, including splitting, transport, reflection, and recombination. Acceleration scans with site-to-site phase randomness showed that interferometric fringes and sensitivity persist even with reduced coherence. Building on this robustness, Bloch-band interferometry was extended to a deep optical lattice with depth of 27 times the recoil energy. Higher Bloch bands were used to define interferometric pathways, and machine-learned shaking functions were implemented to realize beamsplitter and mirror operations. The resulting deep-lattice interferometer exhibits acceleration-dependent population fringes and measurable sensitivity. To our knowledge, this work presents the first exploration of Bloch-band interferometry in the deep-lattice regime and demonstrates the first realization of a deep-lattice Bloch-band interferometer for inertial sensing. These results suggest that Bloch-band interferometry can remain operational in regimes approaching the insulating limit, providing a potential route toward compact and robust quantum inertial sensors.
Trapped matter-wave interferometry offers the promise of compact high-precision local force sensing. However, noise in the trap itself can introduce new systematic errors which are absent in traditional free-fall interferometers. We describe and demonstrate an intrinsically noise-tolerant Floquet-engineered platform for continuously trapped atom interferometry. A non-interacting degenerate quantum gas undergoes position-space Bloch oscillations through an amplitude-modulated optical lattice, whose resulting Floquet-Bloch band structure includes Landau-Zener beamsplitters and Bragg mirrors, forming the components of a Mach-Zehnder interferometric force sensor. We identify, realize, and experimentally characterize magic band structures, analogous to the magic wavelengths employed in optical lattice clocks, for which the interferometric phase is insensitive to lattice intensity noise. We leverage the intrinsic programmability of the Floquet band synthesis approach to demonstrate a variety of interferometer structures, highlighting the potential of this technique for quantum force sensors which are tunable, compact, simple, and robust.