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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Optimizing Spin Readout of the Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond with Spin-to-Charge Conversion

David A. Hopper, J. Lauigan, Sadhana Marikunte, Lee C. Bassett

Published Mar 5, 2019• 0 citations
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We utilize nonlinear absorption to design all-optical protocols that improve both charge-state initialization and spin readout for the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Nonmonotonic variations in the equilibrium charge state as a function of visible and near-infrared optical power are attributed to competing multiphoton absorption processes. In certain regimes, multicolor illumination enhances the steady-state population of the NV's negative charge state above 90%. At higher NIR intensities, selective ionization of the singlet manifold facilitates a protocol for spin-to-charge conversion that dramatically enhances the spin readout fidelity. We demonstrate a sixfold increase in the signal-to-noise ratio for single-shot spin measurements and demonstrate a pathway towards single-shot electron spin readout at room temperature.

arXiv:1606.06600•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•Dec 9, 2016•76 citations
We demonstrate the optical readout of ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center spins in a bulk diamond sample via spin-to-charge conversion. A high power 594 nm laser is utilized to selectively ionize these paramagnetic defects in the mS=0 spin state with a contrast of up to 12%. In comparison to the conventional 520 nm spin readout, the spin-to-charge-conversion-based readout provides a higher signal-to-noise ratio, with tenfold sensing measurement speedup for millisecond long pulse sequences. This level of performance was achieved for an NV− ionization of only 25%, limited by the ionization and readout laser powers. These observations pave the way to a range of high-sensitivity metrology applications where the use of NV− ensembles in bulk diamond has proven useful, including sensing and imaging of target materials overlaid on the diamond surface.
Efficient readout of individual electronic spins associated with atomlike impurities in the solid state is essential for applications in quantum information processing and quantum metrology. We demonstrate a new method for efficient spin readout of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. The method is based on conversion of the electronic spin state of the NV to a charge-state distribution, followed by single-shot readout of the charge state. Conversion is achieved through a spin-dependent photoionization process in diamond at room temperature. Using NVs in nanofabricated diamond beams, we demonstrate that the resulting spin readout noise is within a factor of 3 of the spin projection noise level. Applications of this technique for nanoscale magnetic sensing are discussed.
We utilize nonlinear absorption to design all-optical protocols that improve both charge-state initialization and spin readout for the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Nonmonotonic variations in the equilibrium charge state as a function of visible and near-infrared optical power are attributed to competing multiphoton absorption processes. In certain regimes, multicolor illumination enhances the steady-state population of the NV's negative charge state above 90%. At higher NIR intensities, selective ionization of the singlet manifold facilitates a protocol for spin-to-charge conversion that dramatically enhances the spin readout fidelity. We demonstrate a sixfold increase in the signal-to-noise ratio for single-shot spin measurements and demonstrate a pathway towards single-shot electron spin readout at room temperature.