Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review A

Double-minimum 3 Σu+1 state in Rb2 : Spectroscopic study and possible applications for cold-physics experiments

A. Pashov, Pawel Kowalczyk, W. Jastrzȩbski

Published Jul 9, 2019• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The double-minimum 3 $^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{u}}^{\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}+}$ state in $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}_{2}$ and $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ was investigated by analyzing rotationally resolved spectra of the 3 $^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{u}}^{\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}+}\ensuremath{\longleftarrow}\mathrm{X}^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+}$ band system simplified by polarization labeling. A total of 3665 transitions to rovibrational levels located in the inner well and above the internal barrier were identified and an accurate potential energy curve of the state reaching up to $R\ensuremath{\approx}21$ \AA{} was constructed using the inverted perturbation approach, making this state the best characterized double-minimum state in alkali dimers. The possibility of formation of ultracold rubidium dimers in the absolute ground state by photoassociation into levels of the 3 $^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{u}}^{\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}+}$ state above the internal barrier followed by spontaneous or stimulated emission is discussed.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.100.012507

Related papers

Short-Range Photoassociation and Trilobite-Like States of Ultracold Rb2

Michael Bellos

I demonstrate the formation of rubidium dimers via photoassociation and spontaneous emission at short internuclear distances. This short-range photoassociation allows the formation of deeply bound molecules, including, for instance, the lowest rovibrational level of the lowest triplet state: a(0,0). This particular state is interesting because it is metastable against radiative decay, and possibly long-lived in optical and/or magnetic traps. In a second experiment, I demonstrate the population of trilobite-like excited states of Rb2. Trilobite-like states are bound by an unusual chemical bond, and can have large physical dimensions and electric dipole moments. I demonstrate the population of these states through the ultraviolet excitation of weakly bound molecules. By using the same ultraviolet excitation scheme, I place a new upper-bound on the minimum energy required to ionize 85Rb2 molecules.

•Jan 1, 2013•1 citation

Formation of ultracold Cs2 molecules through the double-minimum Cs2 31Σu+ state

Marin Pichler, William C. Stwalley, Robert Beuc +1 more

We present a simple model of ultracold cesium dimer formation in which the photoassociation into rovibrational levels of the double-minimum ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$ $3{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ state above its internal barrier enables spontaneous or stimulated emission into the lowest rovibrational levels of the ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$ $1(X){}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$ ground electronic state. The transition dipole moment should be sufficiently large for observation of such spectral transitions. The use of the ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}$ $3{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ double-minimum potential could be extended to molecular Bose-Einstein condensates in which an optical trap can be employed for trapping of both atomic and molecular species.

Physical Review A•Jan 15, 2004•12 citations

Spin-forbidden c 3Σ+(Ω=1)←X 1Σ+ transition in NaCs: Investigation of the Ω=1 state in hot and cold environments

A. Grochola, Pawel Kowalczyk, J. Szczepkowski +4 more

Comprehensive spectroscopic studies of hot and ultracold samples of NaCs molecules were combined to complete the investigation of the $(3)\ensuremath{\Omega}=1$ $\ensuremath{\leftarrow}$ $X$ ${}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ transition for the NaCs molecule. Polarization labeling, photoassociation, and pulsed laser depletion spectroscopy were used to collect data on rovibrational levels of the $(3)\ensuremath{\Omega}=1$ state [here described as the $c$ ${}^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ state in Hund's case (a) notation]. The highest observed level was $v=72$ located $~$5 GHz below the atomic asymptote Na($3{ }^{2}{S}_{1/2}$) $+$ Cs($6{ }^{2}{P}_{3/2}$). Approximately 1400 levels were used to construct the potential energy curve of the $(3)\ensuremath{\Omega}=1$ state for the full range of interatomic distances.

Physical Review A•Jul 18, 2011•21 citations

Resonant Coupling Between Near-Degenerate Levels of the $2 \, ^1 \Sigma _g^+$ and $1 \, ^1 \Pi _g$ States of Ultracold $^{85}$Rb$_2$

Ryan Carollo, Michael Bellos, David Rahmlow +4 more

Bulletin of the American Physical Society•Jun 4, 2013•0 citations

Spectroscopic analysis of the $\left( 2 \right)^3\Sigma ^+$ state of ${ }^{\mbox{41}}\mbox{K}{ }^{\mbox{87}}\mbox{Rb}$ towards ultracold rovibronic ground-state molecules

K. Aikawa, Jun Kobayashi, Masahito Ueda +1 more

Bulletin of the American Physical Society•May 26, 2010•0 citations

Cold Heteronuclear Dimers in Electric Fields: Rovibrational Dynamics and Photoassociation

Rosario González‐Férez

We investigate the effects of a static electric field on the rovibrational spectra of several alkali polar dimers in their electronic ground state, and on their formation via stimulated emission from ultracold ground state atoms.

Frontiers in Optics•Jan 1, 2008•0 citations
The double-minimum 3 1\ensuremathΣu+^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{u}}^{\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}+}1\ensuremathΣu+​ state in 85Rb2^{85}\mathrm{Rb}_{2}85Rb2​ and 85Rb87Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb87Rb was investigated by analyzing rotationally resolved spectra of the 3 1\ensuremathΣu+\ensuremath⟵X1\ensuremathΣg+^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{u}}^{\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}+}\ensuremath{\longleftarrow}\mathrm{X}^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+}1\ensuremathΣu+​\ensuremath⟵X1\ensuremathΣg+​ band system simplified by polarization labeling. A total of 3665 transitions to rovibrational levels located in the inner well and above the internal barrier were identified and an accurate potential energy curve of the state reaching up to R\ensuremath≈21R\ensuremath{\approx}21R\ensuremath≈21 \AA{} was constructed using the inverted perturbation approach, making this state the best characterized double-minimum state in alkali dimers. The possibility of formation of ultracold rubidium dimers in the absolute ground state by photoassociation into levels of the 3 1\ensuremathΣu+^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathrm{u}}^{\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}+}1\ensuremathΣu+​ state above the internal barrier followed by spontaneous or stimulated emission is discussed.
I demonstrate the formation of rubidium dimers via photoassociation and spontaneous emission at short internuclear distances. This short-range photoassociation allows the formation of deeply bound molecules, including, for instance, the lowest rovibrational level of the lowest triplet state: a(0,0). This particular state is interesting because it is metastable against radiative decay, and possibly long-lived in optical and/or magnetic traps. In a second experiment, I demonstrate the population of trilobite-like excited states of Rb2. Trilobite-like states are bound by an unusual chemical bond, and can have large physical dimensions and electric dipole moments. I demonstrate the population of these states through the ultraviolet excitation of weakly bound molecules. By using the same ultraviolet excitation scheme, I place a new upper-bound on the minimum energy required to ionize 85Rb2 molecules.
We present a simple model of ultracold cesium dimer formation in which the photoassociation into rovibrational levels of the double-minimum Cs2{\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}Cs2​ $3{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ state above its internal barrier enables spontaneous or stimulated emission into the lowest rovibrational levels of the Cs2{\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}Cs2​ $1(X){}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$ ground electronic state. The transition dipole moment should be sufficiently large for observation of such spectral transitions. The use of the Cs2{\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}Cs2​ $3{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ double-minimum potential could be extended to molecular Bose-Einstein condensates in which an optical trap can be employed for trapping of both atomic and molecular species.
Comprehensive spectroscopic studies of hot and ultracold samples of NaCs molecules were combined to complete the investigation of the $(3)\ensuremath{\Omega}=1$ $\ensuremath{\leftarrow}$ XXX ${}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ transition for the NaCs molecule. Polarization labeling, photoassociation, and pulsed laser depletion spectroscopy were used to collect data on rovibrational levels of the $(3)\ensuremath{\Omega}=1$ state [here described as the ccc ${}^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ state in Hund's case (a) notation]. The highest observed level was v=72v=72v=72 located $~$5 GHz below the atomic asymptote Na(32S1/23{ }^{2}{S}_{1/2}32S1/2​) +++ Cs(62P3/26{ }^{2}{P}_{3/2}62P3/2​). Approximately 1400 levels were used to construct the potential energy curve of the $(3)\ensuremath{\Omega}=1$ state for the full range of interatomic distances.
Resonant Coupling Between Near-Degenerate Levels of the 2 1Σg+2 \, ^1 \Sigma _g^+21Σg+​ and 1 1Πg1 \, ^1 \Pi _g11Πg​ States of Ultracold 85^{85}85Rb2_22​
Spectroscopic analysis of the (2)3Σ+\left( 2 \right)^3\Sigma ^+(2)3Σ+ state of ${ }^{\mbox{41}}\mbox{K}{ }^{\mbox{87}}\mbox{Rb}$ towards ultracold rovibronic ground-state molecules