In this thesis, we study the low-energy effective theory for the antiferromagnetic quantum critical metal in two dimensions. The theory has been the subject of intense study for more than twenty years, due to the novel physics of non-Fermi liquid metals and its potential relevance to high-temperature superconductors and heavy-fermion compounds. In the first part of the thesis, we present the perturbative study of the theory in 3 minus epsilon space dimensions by extending the earlier one-loop analysis to higher-loop orders. We show that the expansion is not organized by the standard loop expansion, and a two-loop graph becomes as important as one-loop graphs even in the small epsilon limit due to an infrared singularity caused by an emergent quasilocality. This qualitatively changes the nature of the infrared fixed point, and the epsilon expansion is controlled only after the two-loop effect is taken into account. Furthermore, we show that a ratio between velocities emerges as a small parameter, which suppresses a large class of diagrams. We show that the critical exponents do not receive quantum corrections beyond the linear order in epsilon in the limit that the ratio of velocities vanishes. In the second part of the thesis, we present a nonperturbative solution to the theory in two dimensions based on an ansatz that is inspired by the perturbative analysis. Being a strongly coupled theory, it can still be solved reliably in the low-energy limit as quantum fluctuations are organized by the ratio of velocities that dynamically flows to zero in the low-energy limit. We predict the exact critical exponents that govern the universal scaling of physical observables at low temperatures.
We study the antiferromagnetic quantum critical metal in $3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ space dimensions by extending the earlier one-loop analysis [Sur and Lee, Phys. Rev. B 91, 125136 (2015)] to higher-loop orders. We show that the $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion is not organized by the standard loop expansion, and a two-loop graph becomes as important as one-loop graphs due to an infrared singularity caused by an emergent quasilocality. This qualitatively changes the nature of the infrared fixed point, and the $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion is controlled only after the two-loop effect is taken into account. Furthermore, we show that a ratio between velocities emerges as a small parameter, which suppresses a large class of diagrams. We show that the critical exponents do not receive corrections beyond the linear order in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ in the limit that the ratio of velocities vanishes. The $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion gives critical exponents which are consistent with the exact solution obtained in $0<\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\le}1$.
This thesis is concerned with recent progress made for the antiferromagnetic quantum critical metal in two space dimensions. Firstly, we develop a field-theoretic functional renormalization group formalism for the low-energy effective field theories for non-Fermi liquids by using renormalizable field theories for metals. The formalism is applied to the antiferromagnetic quantum critical metal in two space dimensions. In the space of coupling functions, we identify the interacting fixed point with a vanishing nesting angle. For theories with non-zero nesting angles, the coupling functions acquire universal momentum dependent profiles controlled by the bare nesting angle before flowing towards a superconducting state in the low-energy limit. The superconducting instability is inevitable because “lukewarm” electrons that are coherent enough to be susceptible to pairing are subject to a universal attractive interaction mediated by the critical spin fluctuations. Despite the superconducting instability being unavoidable, theories with repulsive or weakly attractive four-fermion interaction at a UV scale must flow through a “bottleneck” where there is a slow RG flow due to the proximity to non-Hermitian fixed points. This bottleneck of the RG flow controls the scaling behaviour of the normal state and the “quasi-universal” pathway to superconductivity. Secondly, we show that momentum-dependent quantum corrections dynamically give rise to a curved momentum-spacetimes for quasiparticles. In the antiferromagnetic quantum critical metal, the curved momentum-spacetime geometry arises from a momentum-dependent red shift. With increasing nesting angle, the red shift near the hot spots becomes stronger while the hot region on the Fermi surface with the strong red shift shrinks. This creates the possibility of realizing a momentum-space black hole horizon where electrons are perpetually slowed down as they approach the hot spots. However, the singularity in the momentum-dependent red shift is cut off at finite temperatures above the superconducting transition temperature. Finally, we study a magnetic impurity immersed in the antiferromagnetic quantum critical metal. Critical spin fluctuations represented by bosonic fields compete with the conduction electrons to couple with the impurity spin. In the low-energy limit, the electron-impurity (Kondo) coupling dominates over the boson-impurity coupling. However, the Kondo screening is suppressed by the boson with an increasing severity when the hot spots connected by the antiferromagnetic ordering wavevector are better nested. The origin of this suppression of Kondo screening lies in the ultraviolet/infrared (UV/IR) mixing: bosons that carry large momenta up to the UV cutoff actively suppress the Kondo screening at low energies.
We study the dynamics of critical spin fluctuations and hot electrons at the metallic antiferromagnetic quantum critical points with
Z2 and O(2) spin symmetries, building on earlier works on the O(3) symmetric theory. The interacting theories in
2+1 dimensions are approached from
3+1-dimensional theories in the $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion that tunes the codimension of Fermi surface as a control parameter. The low-energy physics of the
Z2 and O(2) theories qualitatively differ from each other and also from that of the O(3) theory. The difference is caused by higher-order quantum corrections beyond the one-loop order that are important even to the leading order in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. The naive loop expansion breaks down due to dynamical quenching of kinetic energy: the speed of the collective mode (
c) and the Fermi velocity perpendicular to the magnetic ordering vector (
v) become vanishingly small at low energies. What sets the three theories apart is the hierarchy that emerges between the quenched kinetic terms. At the infrared fixed point,
c/v becomes 0, 1, and $\ensuremath{\infty}$ in the
Z2, O(2), and O(3) theories, respectively. At intermediate energy scales, the slow renormalization group (RG) flows of
c and
v toward their fixed point values create approximate scale invariance controlled by approximate marginal parameters. The manifold of those quasifixed points and the RG flow therein determines crossovers from scaling behaviors with transient critical exponents at intermediate energy scales to the universal scaling in the low-energy limit. If the symmetry group is viewed as a tuning parameter, then the O(2) theory corresponds to a multicritical point which has one additional quasimarginal parameter than the other two theories.
In this work, the quantum field theory that describes non-Fermi liquids realized at antiferromagnetic quantum critical points in space dimensions between two and three has been solved nonperturbatively. Using the solvable theory as a model system, the dimensional regularization scheme is put to the test. While the perturbative solution proves to be useful in constructing the nonperturbative solution, it reveals one subtlety: the low-energy limit and the integer dimension limits do not commute due to crossover energy scales that vanish at the physical dimensions.
The two-dimensional metallic quantum critical problem is a long-standing puzzle that is widely believed to hold the key to resolving ubiquitous non-Fermi liquid behavior in strongly correlated electronic systems. In this study, we present a non-perturbative renormalization group (RG) analysis of the metallic Ising-nematic quantum critical point in two dimensions, formulated directly around an intrinsically nonlocal infrared (IR) boson propagator. Rather than treating the anomalous dynamical critical exponent
a as a fixed phenomenological parameter, we regard it as an intrinsic component of the fixed-point data to be determined from the internal consistency of the low-energy patch field theory under highly anisotropic scaling dimensions (
[k0]=a+1,
[kx]=2,
[ky]=1). While the leading two-loop diagrammatics vanish identically due to kinematic pole configurations, our three-loop evaluation reveals a profound structural asymmetry between the sectors: the fermion self-energy and Yukawa vertex receive non-vanishing logarithmic corrections, whereas the corresponding bosonic counter-term remains strictly zero. Consequently, we find that no self-consistent, intersecting fixed-point solution for the exponent
a exists within the three-loop truncation, failing to reproduce the physical value of
a≈1.85 observed in quantum Monte Carlo simulations. We conjecture that the cross-linked topology of the four-loop boson self-energy diagrams is exactly marginal and yields the minimal, mandatory bosonic counter-term required to restore multi-sector self-consistency. Our framework establishes a rigid multi-loop matching scheme necessary to uniquely pin down the critical exponent, and uncovers a stable phase space for field anomalous dimensions.
This thesis investigates the low-energy theory of two-dimensional metals with singular forward scattering in the charge channel. Singular forward scattering occurs for example at a nematic quantum critical point or when electrons at a finite density are coupled to a U(1) gauge field. The universal scaling laws present in the quantum critical regime are strongly affected by quantum fluctuations. In this work, fluctuation effects are systematically taken into account within a field-theoretic renormalization group approach. The primary object of study are the effective N-point density vertices, as the determination of their frequency and momentum dependence allows to precisely characterize the fluctuation contributions in each loop order. Two simple rules are derived which allow to improve the power counting estimate of N-point density vertices in the UV. Using these rules it is possible to exclude polynomially divergent contributions to the bosonic self-energy. The improved power counting not only recovers the results of previous explicit calculations up to three loop order in a general scheme but also predicts the appearance of singular self-energy corrections to the bosonic self-energy from diagrams with four loops. In the second part this prediction is confirmed by an explicit calculation. To this end a certain subset of diagrams of four loop order is calculated, which suffices to establish the presence of a singular contribution. Surprisingly, the singularity has the form of a power of a logarithm, preventing the interpretation as a finite renormalization of the dynamical critical exponent in the low-energy theory. The possible physical consequences of this behavior for the considered two-dimensional metals with singular forward scattering are outlined.