About Perpetuum Mobile without Emotions

) remains superconducting, can induced a voltage with dc component (It is shown that, in spite of the wide spread opinion, this statement is correct because the superconductivity is a macroscopic quantum phenomena); 2) the thermal fluctuations switch the mesoscopic ring segment

l_{b}

with lowest critical temperature

T_{sb}

into and out of the normal state at

T \simeq T_{sb}

, while the rest of the ring remains superconducting if

T_{sa} > T \simeq T_{sb}

. In order to resolve the contradiction between these obvious statements and the second law of thermodynamics a possibility of the second order perpetuum mobile is considered theoretically. It is shown that from two type of the perpetuum mobile, only type b and only in quantum systems is possible. According to the presented interpretation, the total entropy, as the measure of the chaos, may be systematically reduced in some quantum system because a switching between the classical and quantum mechanics is possible. Instruction for the making of the perpetuum mobile is enclosed.

Related papers

About Perpetuum Mobile without Emotions

А. В. Никулов

One of the oldest science problems - possibility of the perpetuum mobile is discussed. The interest to this problem was provoke a result, published in J. Low Temp.Phys. 112, 227 (1998); cond-mat/9811148, which contradicts to the second law of thermodynamics. According to this result, the thermal fluctuations can induce a voltage with direct component in a inhomogeneous superconducting ring at an unaltered temperature corresponded to the resistive transition of the ring segment with the lowest critical temperature. This result arises from obvious statements: 1) the switching of a ring segment $l_{b}$ into and out of the normal state, while the rest of the ring (segment $l_{a}$ ) remains superconducting, can induced a voltage with dc component (It is shown that, in spite of the wide spread opinion, this statement is correct because the superconductivity is a macroscopic quantum phenomena); 2) the thermal fluctuations switch the mesoscopic ring segment $l_{b}$ with lowest critical temperature $T_{sb}$ into and out of the normal state at $T \simeq T_{sb}$ , while the rest of the ring remains superconducting if $T_{sa} > T \simeq T_{sb}$ . In order to resolve the contradiction between these obvious statements and the second law of thermodynamics a possibility of the second order perpetuum mobile is considered theoretically. It is shown that from two type of the perpetuum mobile, only type "b" and only in quantum systems is possible. According to the presented interpretation, the total entropy, as the measure of the chaos, may be systematically reduced in some quantum system because a "switching" between the classical and quantum mechanics is possible. Instruction for the making of the perpetuum mobile is enclosed.One of the oldest science problems - possibility of the perpetuum mobile is discussed. The interest to this problem was provoke a result, published in J. Low Temp.Phys. 112, 227 (1998); cond-mat/9811148, which contradicts to the second law of thermodynamics. According to this result, the thermal fluctuations can induce a voltage with direct component in a inhomogeneous superconducting ring at an unaltered temperature corresponded to the resistive transition of the ring segment with the lowest critical temperature. This result arises from obvious statements: 1) the switching of a ring segment $l_{b}$ into and out of the normal state, while the rest of the ring (segment $l_{a}$) remains superconducting, can induced a voltage with dc component (It is shown that, in spite of the wide spread opinion, this statement is correct because the superconductivity is a macroscopic quantum phenomena); 2) the thermal fluctuations switch the mesoscopic ring segment $l_{b}$ with lowest critical temperature $T_{sb}$ into and out of the normal state at $T \simeq T_{sb}$, while the rest of the ring remains superconducting if $T_{sa} > T \simeq T_{sb}$. In order to resolve the contradiction between these obvious statements and the second law of thermodynamics a possibility of the second order perpetuum mobile is considered theoretically. It is shown that from two type of the perpetuum mobile, only type "b" and only in quantum systems is possible. According to the presented interpretation, the total entropy, as the measure of the chaos, may be systematically reduced in some quantum system because a "switching" between the classical and quantum mechanics is possible. Instruction for the making of the perpetuum mobile is enclosed.

arXiv:physics/9912022Dec 10, 19991 citation

About Perpetuum Mobile without Emotions

А. В. Никулов

It is noted that old belief in impossibility of any perpetuum mobile is the basis of the great confidence in the second law of thermodynamics. The Carnot’s principle, «called with the time of Rudolf Clausius as the second law of thermodynamics», was based on this belief and this belief saved the second law in the beginning of 20 century when absolute randomness of any Brownian motion, perpetual motion experimentally observed, was postulated. It is shown that this postulate is not correct according to quantum mechanics. Moreover experimental evidence of its violation is known. Violation of this postulate means violation of the second law and a possibility of useful perpetuum mobile.It is noted that old belief in impossibility of any perpetuum mobile is the basis of the great confidence in the second law of thermodynamics. The Carnot’s principle, «called with the time of Rudolf Clausius as the second law of thermodynamics», was based on this belief and this belief saved the second law in the beginning of 20 century when absolute randomness of any Brownian motion, perpetual motion experimentally observed, was postulated. It is shown that this postulate is not correct according to quantum mechanics. Moreover experimental evidence of its violation is known. Violation of this postulate means violation of the second law and a possibility of useful perpetuum mobile.

AIP conference proceedingsJan 1, 20026 citations

Statistical thermodynamics of quantum Brownian motion: Birth of perpetuum mobile of the second kind

Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen, ARMEN E. ALLAHVERDYAN

The Brownian motion of a quantum particle in a harmonic confining potential and coupled to a harmonic quantum thermal bath is exactly solvable. It is shown that at low enough temperatures the stationary state is non-Gibbsian due to an entanglement with the bath. In physical terms, this happens when the cloud of bath modes around the particle starts to play a non-trivial role. Indeed, equilibrium thermodynamics of the total system, particle plus bath, does not imply standard equilibrium thermodynamics for the particle itself at low $T$ . Various formulations of the second law are found to be invalid at low $T$ . First, the Clausius inequality can be violated, because heat can be extracted from the zero point energy of the cloud of bath modes. Second, when the width of the confining potential is suddenly changed, there occurs a relaxation to equilibrium during which the entropy production is partly negative. Third, for non-adiabatic changes of system parameters the rate of energy dissipation can be negative, and, out of equilibrium, cyclic processes are possible which extract work from the bath. Conditions are put forward under which perpetuum mobile of the second kind, having one or several work extraction cycles, enter the realm of condensed matter physics. Fourth, it follows that the equivalence between different formulations of the second law (e.g. those by Clausius and Thomson) can be violated at low temperatures. These effects are the consequence of quantum entanglement in the presence of the slightly off-equilibrium nature of the thermal bath, and become important when the characteristic quantum time scale $\hbar/k_BT$ is larger than or comparable to other timescale of the system. They show that there is no general consensus between standard thermodynamics and quantum mechanics.The Brownian motion of a quantum particle in a harmonic confining potential and coupled to a harmonic quantum thermal bath is exactly solvable. It is shown that at low enough temperatures the stationary state is non-Gibbsian due to an entanglement with the bath. In physical terms, this happens when the cloud of bath modes around the particle starts to play a non-trivial role. Indeed, equilibrium thermodynamics of the total system, particle plus bath, does not imply standard equilibrium thermodynamics for the particle itself at low $T$. Various formulations of the second law are found to be invalid at low $T$. First, the Clausius inequality can be violated, because heat can be extracted from the zero point energy of the cloud of bath modes. Second, when the width of the confining potential is suddenly changed, there occurs a relaxation to equilibrium during which the entropy production is partly negative. Third, for non-adiabatic changes of system parameters the rate of energy dissipation can be negative, and, out of equilibrium, cyclic processes are possible which extract work from the bath. Conditions are put forward under which perpetuum mobile of the second kind, having one or several work extraction cycles, enter the realm of condensed matter physics. Fourth, it follows that the equivalence between different formulations of the second law (e.g. those by Clausius and Thomson) can be violated at low temperatures. These effects are the consequence of quantum entanglement in the presence of the slightly off-equilibrium nature of the thermal bath, and become important when the characteristic quantum time scale $\hbar/k_BT$ is larger than or comparable to other timescale of the system. They show that there is no general consensus between standard thermodynamics and quantum mechanics.

arXiv:cond-mat/0011389Nov 22, 20001 citation

Statistical thermodynamics of quantum Brownian motion: Construction of perpetuum mobile of the second kind

Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen, ARMEN E. ALLAHVERDYAN

The Brownian motion of a quantum particle in a harmonic confining potential and coupled to harmonic quantum thermal bath is exactly solvable. Though this system presents at high temperatures a pedagogic example to explain the laws of thermodynamics, it is shown that at low enough temperatures the stationary state is non-Gibbsian due to an entanglement with the bath. In physical terms, this happens when the cloud of bath modes around the particle starts to play a nontrivial role, namely, when the bath temperature T is smaller than the coupling energy. Indeed, equilibrium thermodynamics of the total system, particle plus bath, does not imply standard equilibrium thermodynamics for the particle itself at low T. Various formulations of the second law are found to be invalid at low T. First, the Clausius inequality can be violated, because heat can be extracted from the zero point energy of the cloud of bath modes. Second, when the width of the confining potential is suddenly changed, there occurs a relaxation to equilibrium during which the entropy production is partly negative. In this process the energy put on the particle does not relax monotonically, but oscillates between particle and bath, even in the limit of strong damping. Third, for nonadiabatic changes of system parameters the rate of energy dissipation can be negative, and, out of equilibrium, cyclic processes are possible which extract work from the bath. Conditions are put forward under which perpetuum mobility of the second kind, having one or several work extraction cycles, enter the realm of condensed matter physics. Fourth, it follows that the equivalence between different formulations of the second law (e.g., those by Clausius and Thomson) can be violated at low temperatures. These effects are the consequence of quantum entanglement in the presence of the slightly off-equilibrium nature of the thermal bath, and become important when the characteristic quantum time scale variant Planck's over 2pi /k(B)T is larger than or comparable to other time scales of the system. They show that there is no general consensus between standard thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. The known agreements occur only due to the weak coupling limit, which does not pertain to low temperatures. Experimental setups for testing the effects are discussed.The Brownian motion of a quantum particle in a harmonic confining potential and coupled to harmonic quantum thermal bath is exactly solvable. Though this system presents at high temperatures a pedagogic example to explain the laws of thermodynamics, it is shown that at low enough temperatures the stationary state is non-Gibbsian due to an entanglement with the bath. In physical terms, this happens when the cloud of bath modes around the particle starts to play a nontrivial role, namely, when the bath temperature T is smaller than the coupling energy. Indeed, equilibrium thermodynamics of the total system, particle plus bath, does not imply standard equilibrium thermodynamics for the particle itself at low T. Various formulations of the second law are found to be invalid at low T. First, the Clausius inequality can be violated, because heat can be extracted from the zero point energy of the cloud of bath modes. Second, when the width of the confining potential is suddenly changed, there occurs a relaxation to equilibrium during which the entropy production is partly negative. In this process the energy put on the particle does not relax monotonically, but oscillates between particle and bath, even in the limit of strong damping. Third, for nonadiabatic changes of system parameters the rate of energy dissipation can be negative, and, out of equilibrium, cyclic processes are possible which extract work from the bath. Conditions are put forward under which perpetuum mobility of the second kind, having one or several work extraction cycles, enter the realm of condensed matter physics. Fourth, it follows that the equivalence between different formulations of the second law (e.g., those by Clausius and Thomson) can be violated at low temperatures. These effects are the consequence of quantum entanglement in the presence of the slightly off-equilibrium nature of the thermal bath, and become important when the characteristic quantum time scale variant Planck's over 2pi /k(B)T is larger than or comparable to other time scales of the system. They show that there is no general consensus between standard thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. The known agreements occur only due to the weak coupling limit, which does not pertain to low temperatures. Experimental setups for testing the effects are discussed.

Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topicsSep 5, 2002163 citations

Mesoscopic rings: multi-states induced by quantum thermal fluctuations

Jerzy Dajka, Łukasz Machura, Sz. Rogoziński +1 more

Mesoscopic multiply connected samples such as conducting rings, cylinders or tori exhibit quantum size phenomena originating from the Aharonov–Bohm effects. One of the most spectacular phenomena is a persistent current [1] which is a direct manifestation of quantum phase coherence of the current carriers over a mesoscopic length scale. At a non-zero temperature, T > 0, the phase coherence of carriers is weakened and the samples exhibit the dissipative Ohmic contribution to the total current. There is a regime of temperatures in which both phase-coherent and dissipative Ohmic currents coexist. Such currents generate a magnetic flux. Its properties can be studied via modelling based on kinetic equations like Langevin equations [2]. The long-time, steady states of the magnetic flux are characterized by properties of the stationary probability density obtained from the corresponding Langevin equation. For instance, if the stationary probability density is bimodal, i.e., it has two maxima it reflects the possibility of occurrence of non-zero magnetic fluxes and in consequence the currents. One can notice an obvious analogy to the Josephson-based flux qubits [3]. There are serious advantages for using non-superconducting samples like rings as a building blocks for qubit storage because due to a small size they seem to be more stable with respect to decoherence and dephasing [4]. For higher temperatures, when __________Mesoscopic multiply connected samples such as conducting rings, cylinders or tori exhibit quantum size phenomena originating from the Aharonov–Bohm effects. One of the most spectacular phenomena is a persistent current [1] which is a direct manifestation of quantum phase coherence of the current carriers over a mesoscopic length scale. At a non-zero temperature, T > 0, the phase coherence of carriers is weakened and the samples exhibit the dissipative Ohmic contribution to the total current. There is a regime of temperatures in which both phase-coherent and dissipative Ohmic currents coexist. Such currents generate a magnetic flux. Its properties can be studied via modelling based on kinetic equations like Langevin equations [2]. The long-time, steady states of the magnetic flux are characterized by properties of the stationary probability density obtained from the corresponding Langevin equation. For instance, if the stationary probability density is bimodal, i.e., it has two maxima it reflects the possibility of occurrence of non-zero magnetic fluxes and in consequence the currents. One can notice an obvious analogy to the Josephson-based flux qubits [3]. There are serious advantages for using non-superconducting samples like rings as a building blocks for qubit storage because due to a small size they seem to be more stable with respect to decoherence and dephasing [4]. For higher temperatures, when __________

Jan 1, 20080 citations

Investigation of possibility of creation of a superconductor quantum register

A. A. Burlakov, Vladimir L. Gurtovoi, S. V. Dubonos +2 more

Multiple and single measurements of quantum states of mesoscopic superconducting loops are carried out in order to investigate a possibility of macroscopic quantum superposition and of creation of a superconductor quantum register. Asymmetric superconducting rings are used in order to be convinced that single measurement gives result corresponding to one of permitted states and multiple one gives an average value on these states. We have measured magnetic dependencies of resistance, rectified voltage and critical current on these rings. The observed quantum oscillations of the resistance and the rectified voltage, corresponding to multiple measurement of quantum states, give evidence of two permitted states at the magnetic flux inside the ring divisible by half of the flux quantum. But the observed quantum oscillations of the critical current, corresponding to single measurement, not only does not confirm these two quantum states, but are in a direct contradiction with the observed oscillations of the resistance. It is assumed that the observed contradiction between the results of measurements made on the same ring can testify to violation of the principle of realism on the mesoscopic level that is a necessary condition for an opportunity of creation of a quantum computer.Multiple and single measurements of quantum states of mesoscopic superconducting loops are carried out in order to investigate a possibility of macroscopic quantum superposition and of creation of a superconductor quantum register. Asymmetric superconducting rings are used in order to be convinced that single measurement gives result corresponding to one of permitted states and multiple one gives an average value on these states. We have measured magnetic dependencies of resistance, rectified voltage and critical current on these rings. The observed quantum oscillations of the resistance and the rectified voltage, corresponding to multiple measurement of quantum states, give evidence of two permitted states at the magnetic flux inside the ring divisible by half of the flux quantum. But the observed quantum oscillations of the critical current, corresponding to single measurement, not only does not confirm these two quantum states, but are in a direct contradiction with the observed oscillations of the resistance. It is assumed that the observed contradiction between the results of measurements made on the same ring can testify to violation of the principle of realism on the mesoscopic level that is a necessary condition for an opportunity of creation of a quantum computer.

arXiv:cond-mat/0609345Sep 14, 20060 citations

l_{b}

into and out of the normal state, while the rest of the ring (segment

l_{a}

l_{b}

with lowest critical temperature

T_{sb}

into and out of the normal state at

T \simeq T_{sb}

, while the rest of the ring remains superconducting if

T_{sa} > T \simeq T_{sb}

l_{b}

into and out of the normal state, while the rest of the ring (segment

l_{a}

l_{b}

with lowest critical temperature

T_{sb}

into and out of the normal state at

T \simeq T_{sb}

, while the rest of the ring remains superconducting if

T_{sa} > T \simeq T_{sb}

. In order to resolve the contradiction between these obvious statements and the second law of thermodynamics a possibility of the second order perpetuum mobile is considered theoretically. It is shown that from two type of the perpetuum mobile, only type "b" and only in quantum systems is possible. According to the presented interpretation, the total entropy, as the measure of the chaos, may be systematically reduced in some quantum system because a "switching" between the classical and quantum mechanics is possible. Instruction for the making of the perpetuum mobile is enclosed.

T

. Various formulations of the second law are found to be invalid at low

T

. First, the Clausius inequality can be violated, because heat can be extracted from the zero point energy of the cloud of bath modes. Second, when the width of the confining potential is suddenly changed, there occurs a relaxation to equilibrium during which the entropy production is partly negative. Third, for non-adiabatic changes of system parameters the rate of energy dissipation can be negative, and, out of equilibrium, cyclic processes are possible which extract work from the bath. Conditions are put forward under which perpetuum mobile of the second kind, having one or several work extraction cycles, enter the realm of condensed matter physics. Fourth, it follows that the equivalence between different formulations of the second law (e.g. those by Clausius and Thomson) can be violated at low temperatures. These effects are the consequence of quantum entanglement in the presence of the slightly off-equilibrium nature of the thermal bath, and become important when the characteristic quantum time scale

\hbar/k_BT

is larger than or comparable to other timescale of the system. They show that there is no general consensus between standard thermodynamics and quantum mechanics.