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Noise figure improvement and quantum information tapping in a fiber optical parametric amplifier with correlated quantum fields

Xueshi Guo, Nannan Liu, Xiaoying Li, Yuhong Liu, Z. Y. Ou

Published Apr 28, 2015• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate an improvement of $0.7\pm 0.1$ dB in the noise figure in a low noise fiber-optical parametric amplifier (FOPA) with the injection of correlated quantum fields generated from spontaneous four-wave mixing in fibers. The noise performance of the amplifier is characterized with homodyne detectors. The experimental result shows that the noise levels in the two output ports (signal and idler) of the amplifier are both $1.0\pm 0.1$ dB lower than a regular FOPA with vacuum at the unused input port. In addition, we demonstrate the scheme can be used as a quantum information tap with a combined information transfer efficiency (signal and tap) as $T_{sig}+T_{tap} =1.47\pm 0.2$, which is larger than the classical limit of 1. This low noise FOPA can be applied to the low noise amplification in the measurement of weak signals.

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We experimentally demonstrate an improvement of 0.7±0.10.7\pm 0.10.7±0.1 dB in the noise figure in a low noise fiber-optical parametric amplifier (FOPA) with the injection of correlated quantum fields generated from spontaneous four-wave mixing in fibers. The noise performance of the amplifier is characterized with homodyne detectors. The experimental result shows that the noise levels in the two output ports (signal and idler) of the amplifier are both 1.0±0.11.0\pm 0.11.0±0.1 dB lower than a regular FOPA with vacuum at the unused input port. In addition, we demonstrate the scheme can be used as a quantum information tap with a combined information transfer efficiency (signal and tap) as Tsig+Ttap=1.47±0.2T_{sig}+T_{tap} =1.47\pm 0.2Tsig​+Ttap​=1.47±0.2, which is larger than the classical limit of 1. This low noise FOPA can be applied to the low noise amplification in the measurement of weak signals.
One of the important functions in a communication network is the distribution of information. It is not a problem to accomplish this in a classical system since classical information can be copied at will. However, challenges arise in quantum system because extra quantum noise is often added when the information content of a quantum state is distributed to various users. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a quantum information tap by using a fiber optical parametric amplifier (FOPA) with correlated inputs, whose noise is reduced by the destructive quantum interference through quantum entanglement between the signal and the idler input fields. By measuring the noise figure of the FOPA and comparing with a regular FOPA, we observe an improvement of 0.7 ± 0.1 dB and 0.84 ± 0.09 dB from the signal and idler outputs, respectively. When the low noise FOPA functions as an information splitter, the device has a total information transfer coefficient of Ts+Ti = 1.5 ± 0.2, which is greater than the classical limit of 1. Moreover, this fiber based device works at the 1550 nm telecom band, so it is compatible with the current fiber-optical network for quantum information distribution.
We theoretically investigate the quantum-noise properties of a pulse-pumped high-gain-fiber optical parametric amplifiers (FOPAs) by using the Bogoliubov transformation in multiple frequency modes to describe the evolution of the nondegenerate signal and idler twin beams. The results show that the noise figure of the FOPA is generally greater than the 3 dB quantum limit unless the joint spectral function is factorable and the spectrum of the input signal well matches the gain spectrum in the signal band. However, the intensity-difference noise of the twin beams, which weakly depends on the joint spectral function, can be significantly less than the shot-noise limit when the temporal modes of the pump and the input signal are properly matched. Moreover, to closely resemble real experimental conditions, the quantum noise of twin beams generated from a broadband FOPA is numerically studied by taking the various kinds of experimental imperfections into account. Our study is not only useful for developing a compact fiber source of twin beams, but also helpful for understanding the quantum-noise limit of a pulse-pumped FOPA in the fiber communication system.
We experimentally demonstrated that the quantum correlations of amplitude and phase quadratures between signal and idler beams produced from a non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier (NOPA) can be significantly improved by using a mode cleaner in the pump field and reducing the phase fluctuations in phase locking systems. Based on the two technical improvements the quantum entanglement measured with a two-mode homodyne detector is enhanced from approximately 4 dB to approximately 6 dB below the quantum noise limit using the same NOPA and nonlinear crystal.
We demonstrate that a phase-insensitive parametric amplifier, when coupled to a quantum correlated source, can be used as a quantum information tap for noiseless three-way signal splitting. We find that the output signals are amplified noiselessly in two of the three output ports, while the other can more or less keep its original input size without adding noise. This scheme can be cascaded and scaled up for efficient information distribution in an optical network. Furthermore, we find that this scheme satisfies the criteria for a nonideal quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement and thus can serve as a QND measurement device. With two readouts correlated to the input, we find this scheme also satisfies the criterion for a sequential QND measurement.
We demonstrate the experimental generation of quadrature amplitude entanglement in the 1550 nm band by using a fiber optical parametric amplifier. The measured noise variances of the difference and sum of the quadrature amplitudes of the pulsed signal and idler twin beams fall below the shot noise limit by about 1 and 0.8 dB (4.2 and 3.6 dB after the correction for efficiency), respectively, showing that the inseparability criterion of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement I<2 is satisfied. Our investigation reveals that the quality of the measured entanglement can be further improved by increasing the transmission efficiency of the twin beams and by optimizing the temporal mode matching of the two sets of homodyne detection systems.