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Advanced Quantum Technologies

Quantum Micro–Nano Devices Fabricated in Diamond by Femtosecond Laser and Ion Irradiation (Adv. Quantum Technol. 5‐6/2019)

Shane Michael Eaton, John Patrick Hadden, Vibhav Bharadwaj, J. Forneris, Federico Picollo, Federico Bosia, Belén Sotillo, Argyro N. Giakoumaki, Ottavia Jedrkiewicz, Andrea Chiappini, Maurizio Ferrari, Roberto Osellame, Paul E. Barclay, P. Olivero, Roberta Ramponi

Published Jun 1, 2019• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Femtosecond laser writing and ion irradiation have been demonstrated as powerful fabrication tools for integrated quantum photonics in diamond in article no. 1900006. The figure depicts femtosecond laser inscription and ion beam irradiation in diamond, which can be applied separately, or potentially together, to accurately form nitrogen vacancy (NV) center defects within synthetic diamond. The nitrogen (shown as yellow sphere)–vacancy (shown as light pink sphere) color center defect in the tetrahedral lattice of carbons (shown as black spheres) has emerged as a suitable candidate for a qubit (represented by the Bloch sphere above the diamond) for quantum information and field sensing applications. In addition, the article highlights the latest results on laser and ion beam irradiation fabrication of integrated photonic and microfluidic components in diamond for interfacing with NV centers.

DOI
10.1002/qute.201970033

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A nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, which is a luminescent point defect based on substitutional nitrogen and neighbouring vacancy, is the most studied color centers in diamond. NV center is known as a solidstate spin quantum bit (qubit) at room temperature. NV-qubit is widely utilized for quantum sensors and quantum information processing, etc. In this talk, the recent progress of color center fabrication by electron irradiation and ion implantation will be discussed.

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Femtosecond laser writing and ion irradiation have been demonstrated as powerful fabrication tools for integrated quantum photonics in diamond in article no. 1900006. The figure depicts femtosecond laser inscription and ion beam irradiation in diamond, which can be applied separately, or potentially together, to accurately form nitrogen vacancy (NV) center defects within synthetic diamond. The nitrogen (shown as yellow sphere)–vacancy (shown as light pink sphere) color center defect in the tetrahedral lattice of carbons (shown as black spheres) has emerged as a suitable candidate for a qubit (represented by the Bloch sphere above the diamond) for quantum information and field sensing applications. In addition, the article highlights the latest results on laser and ion beam irradiation fabrication of integrated photonic and microfluidic components in diamond for interfacing with NV centers.
Abstract Diamond has attracted great interest as a quantum technology platform thanks to its optically active nitrogen vacancy (NV) center. The NV's ground state spin can be read out optically, exhibiting long spin coherence times of ≈1 ms even at ambient temperatures. In addition, the energy levels of the NV are sensitive to external fields. These properties make NVs attractive as a scalable platform for efficient nanoscale resolution sensing based on electron spins and for quantum information systems. Diamond photonics enhance optical interactions with NVs, beneficial for both quantum sensing and information. Diamond is also compelling for microfluidic applications due to its outstanding biocompatibility, with sensing functionality provided by NVs. However, it remains a significant challenge to fabricate photonics, NVs, and microfluidics in diamond. In this Progress Report, an overview is provided of ion irradiation and femtosecond laser writing, two promising fabrication methods for diamond‐based quantum technological devices. The unique capabilities of both techniques are described, and the most important fabrication results of color center, optical waveguide, and microfluidics in diamond are reported, with an emphasis on integrated devices aiming toward high performance quantum sensors and quantum information systems of tomorrow.
Integrated photonic circuits promise to be foundational for applications in quantum information and sensing technologies, through their ability to confine and manipulate light. A key role in such technologies may be played by spin-active quantum emitters, which can be used to store quantum information or as sensitive probes of the local environment. A leading candidate is the negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV−) diamond color center, whose ground spin state can be optically read out, exhibiting long (≈1 ms) coherence times at room temperature. These properties have driven research toward the integration of photonic circuits in the bulk of diamond with the development of techniques allowing fabrication of optical waveguides. In particular, femtosecond laser writing has emerged as a powerful technique, capable of writing light guiding structures with 3D configurations as well as creating NV complexes. In this Perspective, the physical mechanisms behind laser fabrication in diamond will be reviewed. The properties of waveguides, single- and ensemble-NV centers, will be analyzed, together with the possibility to combine such structures in integrated photonic devices, which can find direct application in quantum information and sensing.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are expected to be quantum sensing devices such as magnetic and electric fields, temperature, pressure and so on. The generation of NV centers by irradiations of femtosecond laser pulses has been reported. Femtosecond laser can write NV centers in diamond directly and this direct writing can realize a flexible spatial arrangement of NV centers. As the application of the laser system, we have constructed the femtosecond laser irradiation platform for creating the quantum sensing device, such as NV centers. The femtosecond laser pulse is focused on a sample surface by an objective lens and laser pulse intensity is controlled by attenuators. By use of this irradiation apparatus, we have irradiated diamond samples to create NV centers. We could confirm several graphitization spots, but the signal intensity from NV center did not exist. To use the irradiation platform for creating NV centers in diamond, it needs some improvement, more increasing the repetition rate of irradiation laser and/or impurity nitrogen density in diamond sample.
Diamond’s nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center has been shown as a promising candidate for sensing applications and quantum computing because of its long electron spin coherence time and its ability to be found, manipulated and read out optically. An integrated photonics platform in diamond would be useful for NV-based magnetometry and quantum computing, in which NV centers are optically linked for long-range quantum entanglement due to the integration and stability provided by monolithic optical waveguides. Surface microchannels in diamond would be a great benefit for sensing applications, where NV centers could be used to probe biomolecules. In this work, we applied femtosecond laser writing to form buried 3D optical waveguides in diamond. By engineering the geometry of the type II waveguide, we obtained single mode guiding from visible to the infrared wavelengths. Further, we demonstrate the first Bragg waveguide in bulk diamond with narrowband reflection. We show the formation of single, high quality NV centers on demand in ultrapure diamond using a single pulse from a femtosecond laser. With these building blocks in place, we fabricated an integrated quantum photonic circuit containing optical waveguides coupled to NV centers deterministically placed within the waveguide. The single NVs were excited and their emission collected by the optical waveguides, allowing easy interfacing to standard optical fibers. We also report high aspect ratio surface microchannels, which we will integrate with laser-written NVs and waveguides, paving the way for ultrasensitive, nanoscale resolution biosensors.
Apart from the outstanding perfect-for-application properties of optical transparency, hardness, bio-inertness and thermal conductivity of diamond, it has interested the scientific community due to a naturally occurring imperfection, the Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) color center. The NV center has emerged as an encouraging candidate for quantum computing due to its long electron spin coherence times and its ability to be found, manipulated and read out optically [1]. Additionally, the spin states are sensitive to magnetic and electric fields through the Zeeman and Stark effects, respectively and hence pose as a notable substrate for field sensing applications.