Classical phase transitions have a quantum counterpart, where the mechanism which controls the phase changing is not the temperature anymore, but quantum fluctuations, as a consequence of Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In this monograph, we approach this subject by studying entanglement, a kind of correlation exclusive to quantum systems. By using the Ising model under a transverse magnetic field, we will show how entanglement can be used to detect quantum phase transitions in interacting systems. We will focus our studies in two main entanglement measures: negativity, which measures correlations between pair of spins inside the system, and the von Neumann entropy, to measure correlations between blocks of spins. We will discuss the main aspects of each type of these measures, and show their frailties when aplied to studies on more complex phase transition models
Classical phase transitions have a quantum counterpart, where the mechanism which controls the phase changing is not the temperature anymore, but quantum fluctuations, as a consequence of Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In this monograph, we approach this subject by studying entanglement, a kind of correlation exclusive to quantum systems. By using the Ising model under a transverse magnetic field, we will show how entanglement can be used to detect quantum phase transitions in interacting systems. We will focus our studies in two main entanglement measures: negativity, which measures correlations between pair of spins inside the system, and the von Neumann entropy, to measure correlations between blocks of spins. We will discuss the main aspects of each type of these measures, and show their frailties when aplied to studies on more complex phase transition models
Quantum phase transitions in matter are characterized by qualitative changes in some correlation functions of the system, which are ultimately related to entanglement. In this work, we study the second-order quantum phase transitions present in models of relevance to condensed-matter physics by exploiting the notion of generalized entanglement [Barnum et al., Phys. Rev. A 68, 032308 (2003)]. In particular, we focus on the illustrative case of a one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Our approach leads to tools useful for distinguishing between the ordered and disordered phases in the case of broken-symmetry quantum phase transitions. Possible extensions to the study of other kinds of phase transitions as well as of the relationship between generalized entanglement and computational efficiency are also discussed.
Thermal entanglement of spins are investigated in the several Heisenberg models by using of various entanglement measures, and we will evaluate the quantity of thermal entanglement with different parameters of the system (such as, magnetic field, temperture, impurity and different components of interaction). In part of proceduring, we will show that entanglement between two spins have a gaussian profile at the low temperature, and we show that there exists a relation between the QPT and the entanglement in three – qubit Heisenberg chain under the effect of impurity. In fact, QPT is the structure change in property of the ground state at the many–body system, which occures at absolute zero temperature and is purely driven by quantum fluctuation. This transitions appear with the change of a physical parameter. Thus we expect that phase transitions and critical behavior of systems can be explained by entanglement. Also, we investigate the entanglement in pure and thermal cluster states and pay attention to entanglement generation from thermal spin states inputed in a beam spliter. Then, thermal entanglement of Bosonic atoms are investigated in an optical lattices with nonlinear couplings and inhomogeneous magnetic field parameters by using of Negativity measure. We understand from the receiving results that nonlinear coupling coefficient support to entanglement can be improve under antiparalel magnetic field. Finally, we investigate quantum Teleportation at the Heisenberg model in presence of system impurity, as the result of quantum entanglement. We will demonstrate that the Fidelity average, as the measure for evaluation quantum Teleportation, can be controled by modulating magnetic field and impurity parameter
Keywords:
Beam Spliter, Closest Separable State, Concurrence, Entanglement, Fidelity Average, Generation Entanglement, Ground State Entanglement, Heisenberg Model, Impurity, Inhomogenous, Negativity, Nonlinear Coupling, Normal Lattice, Pure Cluster States, Pure state, Quantum Phase Transition, Quantum Teleportation, Thermal Entanglement.
We consider the ground state of the XY model on an infinite chain at zero temperature. Following Bennett, Bernstein, Popescu, and Schumacher we use entropy of a sub-system as a measure of entanglement. Vidal, Latorre, Rico and Kitaev conjectured that von Neumann entropy of a large block of neighboring spins approaches a constant as the size of the block increases. We evaluated this limiting entropy as a function of anisotropy and transverse magnetic field. We used the methods based on integrable Fredholm operators and Riemann-Hilbert problem. The entropy is singular at phase transitions.
It is shown that the von Neumann entropy, a measure of quantum entanglement, does have its classical counterpart in thermodynamic systems, which we call partial entropy. Close to the critical temperature, the partial entropy shows perfect finite-size scaling behavior even for quite small system sizes. This provides a powerful tool to quantify finite-temperature phase transitions as demonstrated on the classical Ising model on a square lattice and the ferromagnetic Heisenberg model on a cubic lattice.
Embora o estudo sobre emaranhamento quântico tenha sua origem na primeira metade do a século passado, com os trabalhos de A. Einstein, B. Podolsky e N. Rosen, somente nos anos e 80, após os experimentos de Aspect e colaboradores, é que esse assunto teve renovado o interesse pela comunidade científica. Tal fenômeno se mostrou de grande interesse tanto do ponto de vista teórico, filosófico e tecnológico. Apesar dos esforços, a detecção e medida de emaranhamento não é um assunto totalmente fechado. Falta-nos ainda uma forma geral de detecção e quantificação do emaranhamento. Nesse trabalho, temos por objetivo estudar o emaranhamento quântico. Particularmente, o emaranhamento térmico e macroscópico em sistemas de matéria condensada. Usaremos para isso, o método de distância entre estados como quantificador de emaranhamento. Tal método possui um forte apelo geométrico e possui a vantagem de não depender da dimensão nem do tamanho do sistema. A utilização de tal método não é recorrente na literatura pelo fato de que sua aplicação exige, em geral, métodos numéricos. Mostraremos uma forma analítica de aplicação para sistemas que satisfaçam o critério de Peres-Horodecki. Além disso, será apresentado o cálculo do emaranhamento para vários sistemas de spin-1/2 que satisfaçam a hamiltoniana de Heisenberg 1D, anisotrópica, sem campo magnético externo e com interação antiferromagnética. Além de sistemas dímeros, estudaremos o emaranhamento em sistemas trímeros, cadeias de Heisenberg infinitas e sistemas dímero-trímero. Mostraremos o comportamento do emaranhamento com a temperatura, bem como determinaremos a temperatura crítica de emaranhamento para vários compostos reais.
This paper presents a theoretical framework for analyzing the quantum fluctuation properties of a quantum spin chain subject to a quantum phase transition. We can quantify the fluctuation properties by examining the correlation between the fluctuations of two neighboring spins subject to the quantum uncertainty. To do this, we first compute the reduced density matrix \ensuremath{\rho} of the spin pair from the ground state |\ensuremath{\Psi}⟩ of a spin chain, and then identify the quantum correlation part ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{q}$ embedded in \ensuremath{\rho}. If the spin chain is translationally symmetric and characterized by a nearest-neighbor two-body spin interaction, we can determine uniquely the form of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{q}$ as $W|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}\ensuremath{\rangle}\ensuremath{\langle}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}|$ with the weight W $\ensuremath{\le}1$, and quantify the fluctuation properties using the two-spin entangled state $|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}\ensuremath{\rangle}$. We demonstrate the framework for a transverse-field quantum Ising spin chain and indicate its validity for more general spin chain models.