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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Characterization of a Single Quantum Meta-atom for a Superconducting Quantum Transmission Line Metamaterial

Jingnan Cai, Steven M. Anlage

Published Mar 8, 2019• 0 citations
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Quantum theory is expected to govern the electromagnetic properties of a quantum metamaterial, an artificially fabricated medium composed of many quantum objects acting as artificial atoms. Propagation of electromagnetic waves through such a medium is accompanied by excitations of intrinsic quantum transitions within individual meta-atoms and modes corresponding to the interactions between them. Here we demonstrate an experiment in which an array of double-loop type superconducting flux qubits is embedded into a microwave transmission line. We observe that in a broad frequency range the transmission coefficient through the metamaterial periodically depends on externally applied magnetic field. Field-controlled switching of the ground state of the meta-atoms induces a large suppression of the transmission. Moreover, the excitation of meta-atoms in the array leads to a large resonant enhancement of the transmission. We anticipate possible applications of the observed frequency-tunable transparency in superconducting quantum networks.
Superconducting circuits operated at low temperatures have led to rapid advances in quantum information processing as well as quantum optics in the microwave regime. Engineered quantum systems with a dense spectrum of modes coupled to artificial atoms, or qubits, formed from superconducting circuits offer an opportunity to explore large-scale entanglement or perform quantum simulations of many-body phenomena. Recent research efforts into artificial metamaterials have yielded microwave and optical systems with numerous counterintuitive properties, including left-handed transmission, where the group velocity and phase velocity for a wave point in opposite directions. Metamaterial resonators implemented with superconducting thin-film circuits provide a route to generating dense mode spectra in the microwave regime for coupling to qubits. In this thesis, we discuss the implementation of such superconducting metamaterial resonators. First, we derive the dispersion relation for one-dimensional metamaterial transmission lines and we describe the formation of resonators from such lines and their quality factors. Next, we describe the design and fabrication of transmission-line metamaterial resonators using superconducting thin films. We characterize the metamaterials through low-temperature microwave measurements as well as Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) images of the microwave field distributions in the circuit. We compare these various measurements with numerical simulations of the microwave properties of the circuits, including simulated current density and charge density distributions for the excitation of different resonance modes. Following the successful realization of dense mode spectra in these circuits, we have initiated the first experiments with a superconducting transmon qubit coupled to a metamaterial resonator and we describe our progress in this direction.