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Semantically-Secure Functional Encryption: Possibility Results, Impossibility Results and the Quest for a General Definition.

Mihir Bellare Y, Adam O’Neill

Published Jan 1, 2012• 5 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This paper explains that SS1-secure functional encryption (FE) as defined by Boneh, Sahai and Waters implicitly incorporates security under key-revealing selective opening attacks (SOA-K). This connection helps intuitively explain their impossibility results and also allows us to prove stronger ones. To fill this gap and move us closer to the (laudable) goal of a general and achievable notion of FE security, we seek and provide two “sans SOA-K ” definitions of FE security that we call SS2 and SS3. We prove various possibility results about these definitions. We view our work as a first step towards the challenging goal of a general, meaningful and achievable notion of FE security. 1

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Abstract. Functional encryption (FE) is a powerful cryptographic primitive that generalizes many asymmetric encryption systems proposed in recent years. Syntax and security definitions for general FE were recently proposed by Boneh, Sahai, and Waters (BSW) (TCC 2011) and independently by O’Neill (ePrint 2010/556). In this paper we revisit these definitions, identify several shortcomings in them, and propose a new definitional approach that overcomes these limitations. Our definitions display good compositionality properties and allow us to obtain new feasibility and impossibility results for adaptive token-extraction attack scenarios that shed further light on the potential reach of general FE for practical applications. The main contributions of the paper are the following: – We show that the BSW definition of semantic security fails to reject intuitively insecure FE schemes where a ciphertext leaks more about an encrypted message than that which can be recovered from an image under the supported functionality. Our definition (as O’Neill’s) does not suffer from this problem. – We introduce an orthogonal notion of setup security that rejects all FE schemes where the master secret key may give unwanted power to the TA, allowing the recovery of extra information from images under the supported functionality. We prove FE schemes supporting all-or-nothing functionalities are intrinsically setup-secure and further show that many well-known functionalities are all-or-nothing.

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Functional encryption (FE) has more fine-grained control to encrypted data than traditional encryption schemes. The well-accepted security of FE is indistinguishability-based security (IND-FE) and simulation-based security (SIMFE), but the security is not sufficient.For example, if an adversary has the ability to access a vector of ciphertexts and can ask to open some information of the messages, such as coins used in the encryption or secret key in multikey setting, whether the privacy of the unopened messages is guaranteed.This is called selective opening attack (SOA).In this paper, we propose a stronger security of FE which is secure against SOA (we call SO-FE) and propose a concrete construction of SO-FE scheme in the standard model.Our scheme is a non-adaptive IND-FE which satisfies selective opening secure in the simulation sense.In addition, the scheme can encrypt messages of any bit length other than bitwise and it is secure against SOA-C and SOAK simultaneously while the two attacks were appeared in different model before.According to the different functionality f, our scheme can specialize as IBE, ABE and even PE schemes secure against SOA.

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One of the main lines of research in functional encryption (FE) has consisted in studying the security notions for FE and their achievability. This study was initiated by [Boneh et al. { TCC’11, O’Neill { ePrint’10] where it was rst shown that for FE the indistinguishabilitybased (IND) security notion is not sucient in the sense that there are FE schemes that are provably IND-Secure but concretely insecure. For this reason, researchers investigated the achievability of Simulation-based (SIM) security, a stronger notion of security. Unfortunately, the above-mentioned works and others [e.g., Agrawal et al. { CRYPTO’13] have shown strong impossibility results for SIM-Security. One way to overcome these impossibility results was rst

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Function Private Functional Encryption and Property Preserving Encryption : New Definitions and Positive Results.

Shashank Agrawal, Shweta Agrawal, Saikrishna Badrinarayanan +3 more

This work furthers the exploration of meaningful definitions for security of Functional Encryption. We propose new simulation based definitions for function privacy in addition to data privacy and study their achievability. In addition, we improve efficiency/ underlying assumptions/ security achieved by existing inner product Functional Encryption and Property Preserving Encryption schemes, in both the private and public key setting. Our results can be summarized as follows: • We present a new simulation based definition, which we call Relax-AD-SIM, that lies between simulation based (SIM) and indistinguishability based (IND) definitions for data privacy, and implies the function privacy definition of [BRS13a]. Our definition relaxes the requirements on the simulator to bypass impossibility of SIM in the standard model. We show that the inner product FE scheme of [KSW08] enjoys Relax-AD-SIM security for function hiding and the inner product FE scheme of [LOS10] enjoys Relax-AD-SIM security for data hiding. • We study whether known impossibilities for achieving strong SIM based security imply actual real world attacks. For this, we present a new UC-style SIM based definition of security that captures both data and function hiding, both public key and symmetric key settings and represents the “dream” security of FE. While known impossibilities rule out its achievability in the standard model, we show, surprisingly, that it can be achieved in the generic group model for Inner Product FE ([KSW08]). This provides evidence that FE implementations may enjoy extremely strong security against a large class of real world attacks, namely generic attacks. It also implies a program obfuscator for the inner product functionality in the generic group model, which is related to the hyperplane-membership obfuscator of [CRV10]. • We provide several improvements to known constructions of Inner Product FE. In the private key setting, the construction by Shen et al. was based on non-standard assumptions, used composite order groups, and only achieved selective security. We give the first construction of a symmetric key inner product FE which is built using prime order groups, and is fully secure under the standard DLIN assumption. Our scheme is more efficient in the size of key and ciphertext than [SSW09], when the latter is converted to prime-order groups. We also port the public key inner product scheme of [KSW08] to prime order groups. • We give the first standard model construction of a property preserving encryption (PPE) scheme [PR12] for inner-products. Our scheme is secure under the DLIN assumption and satisfies the strongest definition of security – Left-or-Right security. Note that previously known constructions were only known to be secure in the generic group model. ∗UIUC. Email: sagrawl2@illinois.edu. †I.I.T, Delhi. Email: shweta.a@gmail.com. ‡UIUC. Email: bsaikrishna7393@gmail.com. §UCLA Email: abishekk@cs.ucla.edu. ¶UIUC. Email: manojmp@gmail.com. ‖UCLA Email: sahai@cs.ucla.edu.

•Jan 1, 2013•40 citations

On the Power of Rewinding Simulators in Functional Encryption.

Angelo De, Vincenzo Iovino

In the recent years, functional encryption (FE) has received a lot of attention due to its versatility and unique challenges it poses. In FE, a receiver with secret-key sky can com-pute from an encryption of x the value F (y, x) for some functionality F. The seminal work of Boneh, Sahai and Waters [TCC’11] showed that for functional encryption the indistin-guishability notion of security (IND-Security) is weaker then simulation-based and, moreover, showed that simulation-based security is impossible to achieve even in weaker settings. This has opened up the door to a plethora of papers, showing feasibility and new impossibility re-sults, having in common the pursuit of a reasonable and achievable simulation-based security definition. With the same aim, in this work, we propose a new simulation-based security definition that we call rewinding simulation-based security (RSIM-Security). Rewinding arguments have been used in all sorts of interactive protocols and have been shown to be highly useful to argue security. We exploit this power allowing the simulator to rewind the adversary under specific constraints. Specifically, the simulator will be able to rewind the adversary

•Jan 1, 2013•3 citations
This paper explains that SS1-secure functional encryption (FE) as defined by Boneh, Sahai and Waters implicitly incorporates security under key-revealing selective opening attacks (SOA-K). This connection helps intuitively explain their impossibility results and also allows us to prove stronger ones. To fill this gap and move us closer to the (laudable) goal of a general and achievable notion of FE security, we seek and provide two “sans SOA-K ” definitions of FE security that we call SS2 and SS3. We prove various possibility results about these definitions. We view our work as a first step towards the challenging goal of a general, meaningful and achievable notion of FE security. 1
Abstract. Functional encryption (FE) is a powerful cryptographic primitive that generalizes many asymmetric encryption systems proposed in recent years. Syntax and security definitions for general FE were recently proposed by Boneh, Sahai, and Waters (BSW) (TCC 2011) and independently by O’Neill (ePrint 2010/556). In this paper we revisit these definitions, identify several shortcomings in them, and propose a new definitional approach that overcomes these limitations. Our definitions display good compositionality properties and allow us to obtain new feasibility and impossibility results for adaptive token-extraction attack scenarios that shed further light on the potential reach of general FE for practical applications. The main contributions of the paper are the following: – We show that the BSW definition of semantic security fails to reject intuitively insecure FE schemes where a ciphertext leaks more about an encrypted message than that which can be recovered from an image under the supported functionality. Our definition (as O’Neill’s) does not suffer from this problem. – We introduce an orthogonal notion of setup security that rejects all FE schemes where the master secret key may give unwanted power to the TA, allowing the recovery of extra information from images under the supported functionality. We prove FE schemes supporting all-or-nothing functionalities are intrinsically setup-secure and further show that many well-known functionalities are all-or-nothing.
Functional encryption (FE) has more fine-grained control to encrypted data than traditional encryption schemes. The well-accepted security of FE is indistinguishability-based security (IND-FE) and simulation-based security (SIMFE), but the security is not sufficient.For example, if an adversary has the ability to access a vector of ciphertexts and can ask to open some information of the messages, such as coins used in the encryption or secret key in multikey setting, whether the privacy of the unopened messages is guaranteed.This is called selective opening attack (SOA).In this paper, we propose a stronger security of FE which is secure against SOA (we call SO-FE) and propose a concrete construction of SO-FE scheme in the standard model.Our scheme is a non-adaptive IND-FE which satisfies selective opening secure in the simulation sense.In addition, the scheme can encrypt messages of any bit length other than bitwise and it is secure against SOA-C and SOAK simultaneously while the two attacks were appeared in different model before.According to the different functionality f, our scheme can specialize as IBE, ABE and even PE schemes secure against SOA.
One of the main lines of research in functional encryption (FE) has consisted in studying the security notions for FE and their achievability. This study was initiated by [Boneh et al. { TCC’11, O’Neill { ePrint’10] where it was rst shown that for FE the indistinguishabilitybased (IND) security notion is not sucient in the sense that there are FE schemes that are provably IND-Secure but concretely insecure. For this reason, researchers investigated the achievability of Simulation-based (SIM) security, a stronger notion of security. Unfortunately, the above-mentioned works and others [e.g., Agrawal et al. { CRYPTO’13] have shown strong impossibility results for SIM-Security. One way to overcome these impossibility results was rst
This work furthers the exploration of meaningful definitions for security of Functional Encryption. We propose new simulation based definitions for function privacy in addition to data privacy and study their achievability. In addition, we improve efficiency/ underlying assumptions/ security achieved by existing inner product Functional Encryption and Property Preserving Encryption schemes, in both the private and public key setting. Our results can be summarized as follows: • We present a new simulation based definition, which we call Relax-AD-SIM, that lies between simulation based (SIM) and indistinguishability based (IND) definitions for data privacy, and implies the function privacy definition of [BRS13a]. Our definition relaxes the requirements on the simulator to bypass impossibility of SIM in the standard model. We show that the inner product FE scheme of [KSW08] enjoys Relax-AD-SIM security for function hiding and the inner product FE scheme of [LOS10] enjoys Relax-AD-SIM security for data hiding. • We study whether known impossibilities for achieving strong SIM based security imply actual real world attacks. For this, we present a new UC-style SIM based definition of security that captures both data and function hiding, both public key and symmetric key settings and represents the “dream” security of FE. While known impossibilities rule out its achievability in the standard model, we show, surprisingly, that it can be achieved in the generic group model for Inner Product FE ([KSW08]). This provides evidence that FE implementations may enjoy extremely strong security against a large class of real world attacks, namely generic attacks. It also implies a program obfuscator for the inner product functionality in the generic group model, which is related to the hyperplane-membership obfuscator of [CRV10]. • We provide several improvements to known constructions of Inner Product FE. In the private key setting, the construction by Shen et al. was based on non-standard assumptions, used composite order groups, and only achieved selective security. We give the first construction of a symmetric key inner product FE which is built using prime order groups, and is fully secure under the standard DLIN assumption. Our scheme is more efficient in the size of key and ciphertext than [SSW09], when the latter is converted to prime-order groups. We also port the public key inner product scheme of [KSW08] to prime order groups. • We give the first standard model construction of a property preserving encryption (PPE) scheme [PR12] for inner-products. Our scheme is secure under the DLIN assumption and satisfies the strongest definition of security – Left-or-Right security. Note that previously known constructions were only known to be secure in the generic group model. ∗UIUC. Email: sagrawl2@illinois.edu. †I.I.T, Delhi. Email: shweta.a@gmail.com. ‡UIUC. Email: bsaikrishna7393@gmail.com. §UCLA Email: abishekk@cs.ucla.edu. ¶UIUC. Email: manojmp@gmail.com. ‖UCLA Email: sahai@cs.ucla.edu.
In the recent years, functional encryption (FE) has received a lot of attention due to its versatility and unique challenges it poses. In FE, a receiver with secret-key sky can com-pute from an encryption of x the value F (y, x) for some functionality F. The seminal work of Boneh, Sahai and Waters [TCC’11] showed that for functional encryption the indistin-guishability notion of security (IND-Security) is weaker then simulation-based and, moreover, showed that simulation-based security is impossible to achieve even in weaker settings. This has opened up the door to a plethora of papers, showing feasibility and new impossibility re-sults, having in common the pursuit of a reasonable and achievable simulation-based security definition. With the same aim, in this work, we propose a new simulation-based security definition that we call rewinding simulation-based security (RSIM-Security). Rewinding arguments have been used in all sorts of interactive protocols and have been shown to be highly useful to argue security. We exploit this power allowing the simulator to rewind the adversary under specific constraints. Specifically, the simulator will be able to rewind the adversary