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Doklady Physics

Temperature Measurements of Optically Cooled Calcium Atoms Using Differential Two-Photon Spectroscopy

Boris B. Zelener, Andrey A. Bobrov, E V Vilshanskaya, I. D. Arshinova, Sergey A. Saakyan, Vladimir A. Sautenkov, B. V. Zelener, Vladimir E. Fortov

Published Mar 1, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract A differential two-photon method of measuring the temperature of 40Ca atoms in a continuously operating magneto-optical trap is demonstrated. Coherent two-photon resonances at the 4s21S0–501S0 Rydberg transition have been investigated experimentally using resonance laser beams propagating at different angles. The temperature of the cloud of 40Ca atoms was measured depending on the frequency detuning of the cooling laser radiation.

DOI
10.1134/s1028335819030170

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Abstract A differential two-photon method of measuring the temperature of 40Ca atoms in a continuously operating magneto-optical trap is demonstrated. Coherent two-photon resonances at the 4s21S0–501S0 Rydberg transition have been investigated experimentally using resonance laser beams propagating at different angles. The temperature of the cloud of 40Ca atoms was measured depending on the frequency detuning of the cooling laser radiation.
Abstract In this work, the differential two-photon spectroscopy with an adjustable angle between the beams is used for measurement of atomic temperatures in a working 40 Ca magneto-optical trap. It is demonstrated that it is possible to improve the accuracy of temperature measurements by selecting different angles. Experimental and theoretical studies of two-photon Rydberg transitions 4s 2 1 S 0 —50 1 S 0 in cold 40 Ca atoms by means of counter-propagating laser beams and laser beams with different angles are performed. By analyzing the spectral shapes, a dependence of Doppler broadening on frequency detuning of cooling laser beams is obtained. We have measured the temperature of 40 Ca atoms in the range from 4 to 8 mK for different values of the cooling laser detuning.
A differential two-photon spectroscopic technique for measurement of atomic temperatures in a working magneto-optical trap was demonstrated. We performed experimental and theoretical studies of two-photon resonances on Rydberg transitions 2S1/2−2P3/2−58S in cold Li7 atoms by using counter- and co-propagating laser beams. By analyzing the spectral shapes, a dependence of Rabi broadening and Doppler broadening on total intensity of cooling laser beams was obtained. We measured the temperature of Li7 atoms in the range from 0.25 to 0.75 mK. Our theoretical and experimental results are in reasonably good agreement. The developed approach for temperature measurements can be applied to cold atoms in different traps, including confined hydrogen and antihydrogen atoms.
We report on a system for atomic beam deceleration and magneto-optical trapping of calcium atoms that uses the 1S0–1P1 transition, in which a single laser is used to trap and slow the atoms. The slower laser beam is focused near the magneto-optical trap’s center, which has a waist size much smaller than the atomic cloud such that its influence on the trapped atoms is greatly reduced. We also investigate the theoretical possibility of cooling by use of a two-photon (4s2)1S0–(4s5s)1S0 transition. Excitation near resonance with the 1P1 level results in an equilibrium temperature seven times smaller than the Doppler limit of the 1S0–1P1 transition.
The spectra of highly excited 40 Ca atoms prepared using a magneto-optical trap and an ultraviolet laser are experimentally studied. The dependence of the atomic density in the magneto-optical trap on the detuning frequency of cooling radiation and on the magnetic field gradient is determined. By using the technique based on the reduction of resonance fluorescence, the energy of the 76 1 S 0 Rydberg state for 40 Ca atoms is determined. A new scheme for stabilization of the laser frequency to create highly excited Rydberg atoms is demonstrated. This scheme employs the saturated absorption spectrum in a cell with rubidium atomic gas.
We report the construction and characterization of an experimental setup for producing a cold gas of 40^{40}40Ca atoms and excite them to high Rydberg states with a resonant three-photon-excitation scheme. The apparatus comprises four stages, each designed in-house. An oven heated to ∼500∘\sim 500^\circ∼500∘C generates an atomic beam that is collimated by a capillary stack. The beam is sent into a passive, permanent-magnet-based Zeeman slower that reduces the atomic velocity to 303030 m/s. The slow atoms are captured in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) and cooled to 1.0(3)1.0(3)1.0(3) mK with a trapping time of 16(2)16(2)16(2) ms. Ground-state atoms in the cold gas are excited to high Rydberg states via resonant excitation through the intermediate 4s4p 1P14s4p\, ^1P_14s4p1P1​ and 4s4d 1D24s4d\, ^1D_24s4d1D2​ states. The MOT is operated at the center of an electrode stack, which serves to apply continuous and pulsed electric fields and field-ionize the Rydberg atoms for detection. We benchmark our MOT against previous implementations and find its performance consistent with state-of-the-art results in terms of temperature and trapping lifetime. Finally, we demonstrate Rydberg spectroscopy of calcium, confirming the system's suitability for ultracold Rydberg physics experiments.